学前和小学低段不同识字量儿童的认知能力比较

以193名学前儿童和291名一到三年级小学生为研究对象, 比较了不同年级、不同识字量儿童在语音意识、语素意识、快速命名、视觉技能和正字法意识方面的差异。结果显示, 不同年级、不同识字量儿童分别在语音意识和语素意识的不同层面存在差异, 学前主要表现在音节删除和语素建构任务中, 小学阶段表现在韵母识别、音位删除以及语素判断和语素产生方面;快速命名能力是区分各阶段儿童汉字识别能力的有效指标, 学前儿童的视觉能力与识字量密切相关, 而小学儿童的正字法意识与识字量密切相关。     

中文发展性阅读障碍研究

本文总结了作者有关中文发展性阅读障碍的部分研究成果,探讨了阅读困难儿童词汇加工的特征及其本质,讨论了中文阅读技能与其他认知加工,特别是基本视知觉的关系.文章指出阅读障碍儿童由于词汇识别水平低,他们在汉字识别过程中表现出比同年龄的控制组更大的规则性效应,在语义通达过程中,对语音的依赖较大.阅读障碍儿童不仅在汉字的命名速度上慢于控制组儿童,数字的语音通达速度也慢于控制组儿童.文章还总结了汉字阅读与视知觉的关系,发现视觉加工对字形相似性判断有较大的解释作用.     

小学低年级儿童的阅读发展轨迹：早期语言认知技能的预测作用

以264名汉语儿童为研究对象，追踪其从学前到学龄低段的语言认知技能和阅读能力的发展，通过多层线性模型探索儿童小学1～3年级阅读准确性和阅读流畅性的发展轨迹，以及4岁时的语音意识、命名速度和语素意识对上述两项阅读能力的预测作用。结果发现：(1)阅读准确性在小学1～3年级呈线性增长模式，起始水平存在显著的个体差异，且个体差异逐渐扩大；4岁时的语音意识和命名速度均能预测儿童阅读准确性的起始水平，仅语素意识能预测阅读准确性的发展速度；(2)阅读流畅性在小学1～3年级呈线性增长模式，起始水平和增长速度均存在显著的个体差异，且个体差异逐渐扩大；4岁时的语音意识和命名速度均能预测儿童阅读流畅性的起始水平，仅命名速度能预测阅读流畅性的发展速度。     

汉字字形输出过程中儿童的汉字结构意识

本研究通过控制汉字声旁与形旁的结构特征,采用听写纸笔测验考察了小学四年级儿童在汉字字形输出过程中的汉字结构意识.结果发现汉字声旁的规则性与形旁语义透明度都直接影响听写的正确率与错误率;在这种任务条件下,声旁的规则性与形旁语义透明度相互作用;阅读水平低的儿童比阅读水平高的儿童产生更多的同音替代错误.文章从听写条件下汉字的加工与儿童词汇表征的角度探讨了这些结果的理论含义.     

小学一年级阅读流畅性对二、三年级阅读理解的预测

采用追踪研究考察了124名小学一年级儿童的阅读流畅性对其二、三年级阅读理解的影响。结果发现,在控制了性别、家庭社会经济地位、推理能力、汉字识别、口语词汇及多种阅读相关认知技能之后,儿童一年级时的字词流畅性可以预期其二、三年级时的阅读理解水平,句子流畅性对二年级时阅读理解的变异有独特解释作用,但对三年级时阅读理解的变异没有显著的解释作用。相对于句子流畅性,字词流畅性在小学低年级阶段对阅读理解的贡献更大。     

语音意识、命名速度和语素意识在汉语阅读发展中的作用

以123名小学四、五年级汉语儿童为研究对象,采用回归分析、结构方程模型探讨语音意识、命名速度和语素意识在阅读能力不同方面（准确性、流畅性和理解）的作用。结果显示,语音意识、命名速度和语素意识都是影响阅读能力的重要认知因素,但对不同方面阅读能力的作用存在差异：（1）语音意识、命名速度和语素意识均直接影响阅读准确性,且语素意识的贡献相对较大;（2）命名速度除直接影响阅读流畅性外,还通过阅读准确性的部分中介作用影响阅读流畅性,而语音意识和语素意识则通过阅读准确性的完全中介作用影响阅读流畅性;（3）语音意识、命名速度和语素意识对阅读理解均无直接影响,分别通过阅读准确性和阅读流畅性间接影响阅读理解。     

语素意识、语音意识和快速命名在学前儿童言语能力发展中的预测作用:来自追踪研究的证据*

为探讨语素意识、语音意识和快速命名三种认知技能对汉语儿童口语词汇、汉字识别和阅读理解等言语能力发展的预测作用,本研究对74名学前儿童进行了一年半的追踪测查,结果发现:(1) 学前儿童的各项认知技能和言语能力随时间均有显著提高;(2)在控制了因变量的自回归效应和其他两种认知技能后,语音意识对一年半后的口语词汇成绩仍有独特的解释作用,快速命名能预测一年半后的汉字识别成绩,而语素意识是解释一年半后儿童汉字识别和阅读理解能力发展的重要变量。     

语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读

本研究考察了语音意识、快速命名与中文阅读的关系．一系列回归分析发现．语音意识对中文读字、中文默字和快速阅读理解的解释量大于快速命名。快速命名先进入方程时对一分钟读字有更大的解释量。控制发音速度对一分钟读字的影响后,快速命名和语音意识对一分钟读字的解释量减小。这些结果说明．与语音意识相比,快速命名对中文阅读有独立的、微弱的影响。文章讨论了语音意识和快速命名与中文阅读的关系,并根据实验结果分析了快速命名的认知结构。     

小学儿童英语正字法技能的发展及其在单词阅读中的作用

为系统探讨正字法技能不同成分的发展特点及其在英语单词阅读中的作用,对小学一、三、五年级共110名儿童施测英语正字法规则意识、正字法模式建构技能、正字法编码技能、单词阅读以及一般认知能力和英语语音意识测验。结果表明：（1）汉语儿童的英语正字法技能各成分随年级显著增长,各成分间及其与一般认知技能、语音意识的关系存在年级差异;（2）控制年龄、一般认知能力和语音意识后,正字法技能在三、五年级仍对单词阅读有显著的独立解释作用,且其独立贡献率高于语音意识;（3）进一步控制其他正字法技能成分后,正字法规则意识以正字法模式建构技能为完全中介间接地作用于单词阅读,正字法模式建构技能在三、五年级都仍对单词阅读有显著的独立解释作用,正字法编码技能在五年级中能显著地独立解释单词阅读的部分变异。     

汉字识别中的同音字效应:语音影响字形加工的证据

两个实验考察汉字识别中语音对字形加工产生的影响。实验一采用视觉呈现材料的词汇判断法,没有发现如同英语研究中的同音字效应,实验二采用视、听跨通道的实验范式,首先呈现汉字的语音,然后进行视觉的词汇判断,结果发现,当出现的汉字为低频字时,其同音字越多,词汇判断的时间越长。这说明汉字的识别过程中,语音对低频字字形的加工有一定影响。     

Rapid naming speed components and reading development in a consistent orthography

We examined how rapid automatized naming (RAN) components-articulation time and pause time-predict word and text reading fluency in a consistent orthography (Greek). In total, 68 children were followed from Grade 2 to Grade 6 and were assessed three times on RAN (Digits and Objects), phonological awareness, orthographic processing, speed of processing, and reading fluency. Both RAN components were strongly related to reading fluency and, with few exceptions, accounted for unique variance over and above the contribution of speed of processing, phonological awareness, and orthographic processing. The amount of predictive variance shared between the components and the cognitive processing skills varied across time. The implications of these findings for the RAN-reading relationship are discussed.     

The Development of Sensitivity to Sublexical Orthographic Constraints: An Investigation of Positional Frequency and Consistency Using a Wordlikeness Choice Task

The developmental sequence of the types of orthographic knowledge that children acquire early in reading development is unclear. Following findings of skilled reading, the orthographic constraints of positional frequency and feedback consistency were explored with a wordlikeness judgement task for grades 1–3 English-speaking children. The data provide evidence for the early development of sensitivity to positional frequency, but not sound-spelling consistency. However, sensitivity to each type of orthographic structure was predicted by rapid naming and sensitivity to consistency was predicted by phonological awareness. As well, sensitivity to each type of constraint was related to word reading fluency.     

Predictors of reading fluency in Italian orthography: Evidence from a cross-sectional study of primary school students

This study investigates the role of linguistic and visuospatial attentional processes in predicting reading fluency in typical Italian readers attending primary school. Tasks were administered to 651 children with reading fluency z scores > ?1.5 standard deviation to evaluate their phonological awareness, rapid automatized naming (RAN), verbal short-term memory, vocabulary, visual search skills, verbal-visual recall, and visual-spatial attention. Hybrid models combining confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis were used to evaluate the data obtained from younger (first and second grade) and older (third–fifth grade) children, respectively. The results showed that phonological awareness and RAN played a significant role among younger children, while also vocabulary, verbal short-term memory, and visuospatial attention were significant factors among older children.     

Learning to read in Chinese: Evidence for reciprocal relationships between word reading and oral language skills

This study investigates the longitudinal predictors of the development of Chinese word reading skills and potential bidirectional relationships between Chinese word reading and oral language skills. We examine, in a 2‐year longitudinal study, a wide range of theoretically important predictors (phonological awareness, tone awareness, morphological awareness, visual skills, rapid automatized naming, Pinyin knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge) of reading in 143 primary‐school children living in mainland China. Initial levels of reading were predicted by vocabulary knowledge, phonological awareness, and visual discrimination skills. Only initial reading levels predicted growth in reading. Initial reading also predicted growth in vocabulary knowledge and morphological construction. This pattern demonstrates that the early stages of learning to read in Chinese places demands on semantic (vocabulary) and visual skills in addition to phonological skills. Furthermore, early levels of word reading predict the growth of vocabulary knowledge and morphological awareness suggesting that the development of these oral language skills is facilitated by learning to read.     

中国香港双语儿童初步阅读能力与语音、文字加工关系的研究

采用音节检测、短时言语记忆、快速命名等语音加工任务和汉字、字母、数字等方向加工任务,探讨语音和文字加工在儿童初步阅读中的作用,116名6岁左右的香港双语儿童参加了测试。结果表明：语音加工能力是跨语言的比较稳定的因素,是预测汉语和英语阅读的较好指标;文字加工具有特异性．即汉字方向加工只能预测汉语阅读,字母方向加工则预测英语阅读。     

Relations between enabling skills and reading comprehension: a follow-up study of Latvian students from first to second grade

In order to examine the relationships among various phonological skills and reading comprehension, Latvian children were followed from grade 1 to grade 2 and were tested with a battery of phonological, word reading, and reading comprehension tasks. A principal component analysis of the phonological tasks revealed three salient factors: a phonemic awareness factor, a rapid naming factor, and a short-term memory factor. In order to analyze the relationship between various phonological skills and reading comprehension, a structural modeling analysis was performed. Phonemic awareness and rapid naming explained approximately the same amount of unique variance in reading comprehension, but phonemic awareness had most predictive power indirectly via word decoding. Only rapid naming had a significant direct impact on reading comprehension.