“胎神”与“孕妇禁忌”

在古老的年代里,人们不太清楚胎儿是怎样孕育而成。于是,就有人想象出超自然的神灵来。后来,随着时光的流逝,日月的变迁,这种超自然的神灵, 又被一部分人想象出一个具体而有形的“胎神”来。至此以后, “胎神”的这一说法就这样“稀里糊涂地诞生”了。那么何为胎神呢?据有关资     

The Invisible Client

This article attempts to define and to describe those clients who “drop out” of counseling prematurely. Recommendations for dealing with the dropout are also discussed.     

The Invisible Foole

I review the classic skeptical challenges of Foole in Leviathan and the Lydian Shepherd in Republic against the prudential rationality of justice. Attempts to meet these challenges contribute to the reconciliation project (Kavka in Hobbesian moral and political theory, 1986) that tries to establish that morality is compatible with rational prudence. I present a new Invisible Foole challenge against the prudential rationality of justice. Like the Lydian Shepherd, the Invisible Foole can violate justice offensively (Kavka, Hobbesian moral and political theory, 1986; Law and Philosophy, 14:5–34, 1995) without harming his reputation for justice. And like the Foole, the Invisible Foole dismisses the possibility that being just preserves goods intrinsic to justice, and will be just only if he fears that others will punish his injustice by withholding the external goods like labor and material goods that he would otherwise receive for their performance in covenants. I argue that given a plausible folk-theorem interpretation, Hobbes’ response to the Foole’s challenge is inconclusive, and depends crucially upon common knowledge assumptions that may or may not obtain in actual societies. I present two analogous folk-theorem arguments in response to the Invisible Foole’s challenge, one using the idea that the Invisible Foole’s power of concealment might be transitory, and the other using the idea that members of society might stop performing in covenants with anyone, thus punishing the Invisible Foole indirectly, if the Invisible Foole commits sufficiently many injustices.     

The Invisible Griever

Many people are equipped, through crisis intervention strategies and plans, to handle the immediate ramifications of a death within a particular school or community system. However, after the crisis has passed the question generally surfaces as to how one can help the children who have been greatly impacted by the death and are in the midst of the grieving process. The grieving child has often been invisible to adult caregivers like counselors, teachers, and school psychologist. The means of helping a child who has experienced a death in his family can be greatly enhanced by the developmcnt of grief support groups. Through the use of support groups children can learn to share their feelings, discover that they are not alone, and move through the grieve process.     

The Battered Woman

No abstract available for this article.     

The Woman Veterinarian

This study was undertaken to determine the professional practice patterns of Michigan State University graduates in Veterinary Medicine and the factors that influenced their choice of profession and satisfaction with the field, so that similarities and differences of men and women practitioners could be compared. None of the 21 accredited schools of veterinary medicine has conducted a study of this kind. The career patterns of women were characterized by interruptions, lower salaries, and participation in only a few of the specialties within the profession, the latter interpreted as an attempt to reduce professional role-sex role conflict. In spite of the limitations and conflicts encountered by women, they are deeply committed to the profession and claim a great deal of satisfaction from their work.     

The Invisible Thin Red Line

The aim of this paper is to argue that the adoption of an unrestricted principle of bivalence is compatible with a metaphysics that (i) denies that the future is real, (ii) adopts nomological indeterminism and (iii) exploits a branching structure to provide a semantics for future contingent claims. To this end, we elaborate what we call Flow Fragmentalism, a view inspired by Kit Fine's non-standard tense realism, according to which reality is divided up into maximally coherent collections of tensed facts. In this way, we show how to reconcile a genuinely A-theoretic branching time model with the idea that there is a branch corresponding to the thin red line, that is, the branch that will turn out to be the actual future history of the world.     

Rules: The Invisible Family

Family rules occur in groups of five and more. Because they are implicit and multidimensional, family rules are beyond visualization. These characteristics have unsettling effects on clinicians and researchers. Knowing the rules of a family, however, allows precise intervention, and using rules concepts makes learning family therapy techniques less threatening to students. The concept of homeostasis in the context of rules has been examined and placed in an understandable perspective. Rules provide the connection between family process and individual behavior. They also constitute an integrated theory of families and individual personality development.     

The Contemporary Woman:

The life situation of the contemporary woman is examined in historical context in relation to her roles as loved one, as wcoonrtkaecrt wanitdh apsa rmenottsh oerr . otShheer afdreu9 tu se nantldy t auo sw lasc kups rwolieth m iondaedlesq. uSahtee is hurried by peer pressures into adult sexuality and into jobs in the fast track. Social workers, with their intimate knowledge of women, are in a position to work as change agents. Implications for therapy are discussed around such concepts as: ethical issues, life history concepts, role models teachings, and loneliness and transference.     

Invisible touch

The controversy surrounding violence by female partners to intimate males has been reviewed from a diverse range of literature and disciplines. Historical and case evidence is presented against a background of the controversy surrounding the findings of studies, using the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), which show ample evidence of assaults by women on male partners. This evidence is discussed and interpreted against the background of social representations and stereotypical images of male and female to show that the “battered husband syndrome” is a reality and is comparable to the battered wife scenario. Implications for the discussion of intimate violence within academia and elsewhere are drawn and the reasons for the suppression of data and the existence of a controversy on this topic made evident. It is concluded that academic controversy is unnecessary and counter-productive.     

The Woman at the Well

The woman at the well argued theology with Jesus, and he listened to her and engaged her in conversation. Theological education today must make spaces for the voices of the marginalized to be heard and prepare church leaders to listen respectfully to people from the margins.     

Woman to Woman Sexual Violence

This article addresses woman to woman sexual violence, a topic that is seldom addressed in the therapy literature. A brief history of research and theory on sexual violence is presented followed by two case studies. Treatment issues are discussed and challenging questions are raised in an attempt to increase counselors' awareness of the issue of sexual violence between women with the goal of providing more comprehensive treatment to survivors of woman to woman sexual violence.     

The Pregnant Clinical Psychologist:

Le is a married 35 year old South Vietnamese refugee who works two jobs to support her three children and elderly relatives. The family of eight was one of many boat people whose journey to freedom involved prolonged stress as they left their home secretly and withstood the deprivation of a refugee camp for more than a year before being chosen by a sponsor to relocate in the U.S. Ten years later, Le proudly recites the new responsibilities she has acquired through this transition which have profoundly affected her roles as an employee, mother, and wife. Her story reveals several key elements which hold theoretical significance for the study of successful coping. She refers often to the salience of family values learned early in her life, and the importance of adhering to these during the most stressful periods. She lists several attitudes that helped her maintain hope and focus on her goals during the most difficult times. And, she describes a variety of supportive networks that were developed at different stages of the refugee experience that contributed to a successful transition. These elements clarify the interwoven effects on predisposing factors, coping, and social support on psychological functioning, and imply parameters that clinicians may find helpful in working with a refugee population.     

Immigrant Women and Counseling: The Invisible Others

The number of women immigrating to the United States is growing because of current global changes (A. J. Marsella & E. Ring, 2003). Understanding and serving the mental health needs of this population is a new challenge for American counselors and counseling scholars. In this article, an ecological model (U. Bronfenbrenner, 1979) is used to describe the mental health needs of immigrant women, outline various counseling strategies and interventions, and systematically explore the sociocultural variables influencing immigrant women's experiences in the U.S.     

The Call of the Wild Woman

Abstract

Women have a longstanding and unique connection to healing and health care. The feminine perspective, however, has been discounted and decimated through the last 600 years. Now general social and political changes, as well as increasing numbers of women practitioners in health and mental health, are leading to a re-emergence of the feminine perspective in addressing women's needs and in providing health care. This paper traces some of the elements in the history of women and their influences on present day models of health care. It emphasizes women's roles as healers, as patients and as crafters of a new synthesis of health care delivery in the 21st century.