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1.
This study examined the relationships among perceived life satisfaction, perceptions of body weight, and dieting behaviors
among 522 college students. Adjusted multiple logistic regression analyses and multivariate models constructed separately
were utilized for this study. Perceptions of underweight and extreme worry over weight were significantly associated with
dissatisfaction with life for both males and females ( p < 0.01). However, vomiting; perceptions of overweight; binge eating behavior; extreme worry over binge eating behavior; and
engaging in binge eating behavior for more than one year were significantly related to dissatisfaction with life for only
females ( p < 0.01). In addition, both males and females were less likely to self-identify problematic disordered eating, with males
being particularly less likely to report concern over extreme dieting behaviors. Results suggest that carefully designed educational
and intervention efforts for college students with eating disorders must take gender differences into account. Programs for
males may need to differ from those for females in terms of recruitment, intervention integrity, and evaluation considerations.
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2.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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3.
The current research investigated applicant reactions derived from common application blanks. Previous work has found applications to be riddled with legally inadvisable items, but limited research has attempted to understand how such items might affect applicants. By using organizational justice theory as a framework, two studies examined applicant reactions from two application blanks: a legally advisable application and a legally problematic application. It was found that applicants completing the legally problematic application had lower perceptions of justice and expressed higher litigation intentions compared to those completing the legally advisable application, especially for those that were rejected without an explanation. 相似文献
4.
Previous studies have shown that a change in an existing object is not as effective in capturing attention as the appearance
of a new object. This view was recently challenged by Lu and Zhou (Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 12:567–572, 2005), who
found strong capture effects for an object changing its color. We suspected that this finding critically depends on a procedural
particularity in Lu and Zhou’s study, namely that the color of the unique item and the color of the no-unique items randomly
switched between trials. In the current study we replicate Lu and Zhou’s capture effect (Experiment 1) and show that no capture
occurs when the color-to-stimuli assignment is fixed (Experiment 2). Two further experiments suggest that the capture effect
in Experiment 1 is not because the unique item switched color (Experiment 3), but because all the no-unique items switched
color (Experiment 4). The results are discussed considering top-down modulation and inter-trial priming effects.
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5.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
6.
Borderline personality disorder and externalizing disorders are associated with suicide-related behaviors. The present study
examined whether symptoms of borderline personality disorder mediate the relationship between externalizing disorders and
suicide-related behaviors. Diagnostic interviews were administered to 344 participants ( n = 233 women). Results indicated that symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders
each were significantly associated with suicide threats and self-injurious behavior in women and symptoms of antisocial personality
disorder were associated with suicide attempts in women. With the exception of the association between symptoms of alcohol
dependence and self-injurious behaviors, borderline personality disorder symptoms mediated or partially mediated all associations
between externalizing disorders and suicide-related behaviors in women. These results highlight the importance of assessment
and treatment of borderline personality disorder symptoms in individuals with externalizing disorders, particularly in the
presence of suicide-related behaviors.
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7.
This is a critical discussion of a paper on the problem of bootstrapping by Jose Zalabardo.
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8.
This mail survey measured post-traumatic stress symptoms, spiritual and non-spiritual coping strategies, and positive spiritual
outcomes following the tragedies of 9/11/01 in a national, random sample of 1,056 Presbyterians. Respondents reported mild
to moderate degrees of re-experiencing and hyper-arousal symptoms of post-traumatic stress, unrelated to location or knowing
someone involved. People experiencing high stress used greater frequency and variety of both spiritual and non-spiritual types
of coping strategies. Positive spiritual outcomes were remarkably related to positive spiritual coping strategies, in contrast
to no association with negative coping. This study illustrates the significant degree of post-traumatic stress experienced
with vicarious exposure and a wide spectrum of coping strategies used following the major terrorist attacks.
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9.
The current study examined the moderating influence of observed parental emotion socialization (PES) on self-medication in
adolescents. Strengths of the study include the use of a newly developed observational coding system further extending the
study of PES to adolescence, the use of an experience sampling method to assess the daily covariation between negative affect
and substance use, and a focus on PES styles defined by the interaction of emotion-dismissing and emotion-coaching behaviors.
Using multi-leveling modeling, we tested PES as a moderator of daily negative mood-substance use relation in a sample of 65
elevated-risk adolescents (48% male, 58% Caucasian, with a median age of 14). Results showed a three-way interaction between
emotion-coaching PES, emotion-dismissing PES and daily negative mood in predicting daily substance use. Results are discussed
in terms of the importance of PES styles and their effects on self-medication through compromised emotion regulation and interpersonal
processes.
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10.
Prior research has documented an association between adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. However, there is
limited theoretical modeling to explain this association, and prior studies have generally failed to assess for potential
mediating variables of impulsivity, anxiety, and depression. The current study assessed these mediating variables in further
exploring for unique associations between adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. A non-referred adolescent sample
was assessed for bulimic tendencies, conduct problems, impulsivity, anxiety, and depression using a multi-informant assessment
battery including parent, teacher, and self-report measures. There was a significant bivariate association between conduct
problems and bulimic tendencies, r = 0.29, p < 0.01. However, this association was fully mediated by anxiety and depression symptoms. This suggests that emotional distress
could be a primary factor linking adolescent conduct problems and bulimic tendencies. Implications include the potential for
more regular screening of youth with conduct problems for associated eating disturbances.
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11.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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12.
There is variability on how auditory hallucinations (AH) impact individuals, ranging from distress to comfort. A systematic
study of how simulations of AH impact a non-clinical sample can address not only how AH simulations influence the general
public, but also inform how actual AH influence individuals. Utilizing 504 undergraduates, different simulations of AH were
presented to examine their impact on emotions and identify moderating variables. The simulations increased negative affect
and decreased positive affect. Sex of the participant and differing levels of duration, volume, and context of the simulation
did not influence the magnitude of the emotional responses. However, simulations with derogatory content led to greater increased
negative affect and decreased positive affect than simulations with benevolent/neutral content. These results suggest that
the content of simulations have a substantial effect, which is pertinent to administering simulations for training purposes
and implementing psychosocial rehabilitation programs for those who hallucinate.
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13.
This paper presents an new epistemicist account of vagueness, one that avoids standard arbitrariness worries by exploiting
a plenitudinous metaphysic.
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14.
Various investigators have proposed that people may feel simultaneous positive and negative affect. However, experimental
evidence from tests of a recent theory about the intensity of emotion (J. W. Brehm, 1999) suggests that even when they are
invited by the experimental design, positive and negative emotions do not occur at the same time. When people have been instigated
to feel a particular emotion, such as happiness, and then are given a reason (e.g., sad news) for not feeling happy, they
report continued happiness but no increase in sadness unless the reason for feeling sad is very great, in which case sadness
replaces happiness. The present paper briefly reviews the underlying theory and evidence, and discusses implications.
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15.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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16.
In this note I show that Noreen Johnson misunderstands my argument and consequently fails to refute my thesis that God’s omnipotence
conflicts with his omniscience.
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17.
Despite extensive research on the subject spanning over 70 years, uncertainty still remains as to whether happier workers
are in fact more productive. This study combined longitudinal prospective and experience sampling methods to examine the relationship
between happiness and self-reported productivity among Directors employed in the public and private sectors. Analyses at a
trait level suggested happy people were more productive. Similarly, at the state level of analysis, people were more productive
when they were happier. Among the happiness indicators examined (job satisfaction, quality of work life, life satisfaction,
positive affect, and negative affect) positive affect was most strongly, but not exclusively, tied to productivity at both
the state and trait levels. Discussion focuses on reconciling a long history of mixed findings regarding the happy-productive
worker thesis.
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18.
Some philosophers have argued that refraining from performing an action consists in actively keeping oneself from performing
that action or preventing one’s performing it. Since activities must be held to be positive actions, this implies that negative
actions are a species of positive actions which is to say that all actions are positive actions.
I defend the following claims:
(i) |
Positive actions necessarily include activity or effort, negative actions may require activity or effort, but never include the activity or effort which may be required.
|
(ii) |
Unless it is, or was, at some time in P’s power to Q, P does not refrain from Q-ing. |
(iii) |
Negative actions are actions, they are causings of negative facts.
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19.
The present study evaluated associations among smoking and anxiety sensitivity (fear of anxiety and anxiety related sensations)
in predicting panic attack symptomatology, somatic complaints, and depressive symptomatology in a community sample of adolescents
(ages 12 to 17 years; N=206). As predicted, the combination of high levels of anxiety sensitivity and being a current smoker predicted panic symptomatology
and somatic complaints, but not depressive symptomatology. These findings suggest anxiety sensitivity may moderate the relation
between smoking and prototypical panic psychopathology variables (panic attacks and somatic complaints) even after controlling
for gender and negative affectivity, and that these associations are specific to panic-relevant processes. The primary implication
of the study findings is that there may be segments of the adolescent population who are at relatively greater risk for panic-related
problems by virtue of individual differences in AS and smoking status.
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20.
I criticize Timothy Williamson’s characterization of thought experiments on which the central judgments are judgments of contingent
counterfactuals. The fragility of these counterfactuals makes them too easily false, and too difficult to know.
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