汉字阅读材料的不同排列组合对字词认知速度及准确性的影响

本研究探讨了汉字阅读材料的不同组合对字词认知速度及准确性的影响。实验材料是一篇３２０个字的短文阅读材料,分成三种不同组合形式让被试从左往右发声念读．一种是顺意排列材料形式（即文章句子符合句法及词意）,一种是逆意排列材料形式（即将文章的字词逆反排列）;一种是随机排列材料形式（即将全文字词打乱随机排列）。实验结果表明：对顺意排列材料的念读效果最好,念读速度及准确性明显高于另外两种材料组合形式;中青年组被试的结果明显优于老年组及儿童组的结果．结果提示,对字词念读的认知加工过程明显受相邻字词关系的影响及字词句子化的影响．     

6.5岁与11.5岁儿童对色词材料横竖阅读速度和准确性比较实验

本文进行了小学6.5岁及11.5儿童对色词材料横竖阅读速度和准确性的探讨。结果表明,汉字阅读及颜色读名的速度和准确性不受阅读材料的横竖方向排列的影响。11.5岁儿童对色词材料的横竖方向阅读速度高于6.5岁儿童的阅读速度。在阅读方面,女性的结果优于男性。对颜色读名的速度较之汉字阅读为慢,错误次数也明显较之为多,这表明二者的加工层次有所不同。     

身体正直及倾斜不同角度定位的实验研究

本文探讨了身体正直及倾斜不同角度(0°—90°)的定位。结果表明:(1)在暗室排除视觉的条件下,身体正直姿势的定位平均误差值在1.2°—1.61°范围;在亮室有视觉参与条件下,平均误差值为0.88°、不超过1°。(2)在暗室排除视觉条件下,“语言一身体”条件的各个角度定位的准确性最差,其次是“视觉—身体”条件,“身体—身体”条件的结果最好。这种情况表明,身体角度定位明显受信息的传入方式及信息转换和输出的难易程度的影响,相同感觉道在信息传入、处理和输出上具有更大的优越性。     

中文阅读中基于字、词的眼跳目标选择策略:来自消失文本方面的证据

采用两项消失文本实验考察中文阅读中眼跳选择目标的策略问题.实验一操控注视词(词n)上不同位置汉字的呈现与消失情况,结果发现无论单字消失条件(注视字消失、非注视字消失)还是单词消失条件,三种消失条件对再注视概率的影响程度相同,说明词内再注视眼跳选择目标的基本依据单元是整个视觉词汇.实验二操控词n+1处汉字的呈现与消失情况,结果发现只有词n+1消失条件的跳读概率大于控制条件,词n+1消失条件下的相邻词间眼跳数量小于控制条件,词n+1内单个汉字的消失(字n+1消失和字n+2消失)条件都不影响跳读概率和相邻词间眼跳数量,说明相邻词间眼跳选择目标的基本依据单元是汉字.文章进一步讨论了字词加工在眼跳目标选择环节中的作用.     

不同阅读水平儿童的汉字字形输出与再认

实验采用与和选择任务,对比研究了不同阅读水平儿童在汉字字形输出和再认过程中的共同点和差异。结果发现：汉字声旁的规则必影响所有阅读水平儿童听写和听选择的正确和率错误率;阅读水平低的儿童阅读水平高的儿童产生更多的同音替代;与阅读水平高的儿童相比,阅读水平低的儿童更加需要线性的帮助。文章从心理词典结构和字词加工的角度探讨了这种差异的理论含义。     

坐姿平面操作的频率与准确性分析

为了合理地设计操作台面,使操作人员的动作快而准确又少费力气,我们对操作人员在坐姿条件下左右手的往复动作进行了分析。实念结果表明:从人体对称轴向左(右)30°至60°区域内,左(右)手操作频率最高;向左(右)外转30°区域内,左(右)手操作频率居中等;向左(右)外转60°至90°区域内,左右手操作频率较低。左右手动作准确性均在0°、90°和180°方位较差,其它方位较好,错误率曲线呈“W”形。本实验结果与美国人类工程学家斯夸尔斯(P.C.Squires)。确定的经常操作范围较为一致,可供有关部门设计时参考。     

不同任务定向下小学儿童学习时间分配决策水平的发展

研究包含3个实验,分别探查了儿童在“速度定向”、 “准确性定向” 以及“速度和准确性定向”3种任务定向下学习时间分配决策水平的发展。3个实验均采用3×3混合设计,选择小学2年级、小学4年级、小学6年级学生各24人为被试,提供难度不同的3种材料,考查在限定的时间内儿童在3种材料间进行的学习时间分配决策水平的发展。结果：（1）在三种任务定向下,儿童学习时间分配决策水平均随年龄增长而提高。（2）不同的任务定向要求对不同年级儿童学习时间分配决策的影响不同。（3）在本实验条件下,儿童学习时间分配策略的使用,经历了三个阶段：第一个阶段,不使用策略;第二个阶段,使用策略但效果不稳定;第三个阶段,使用策略且有稳定效果     

The effect of orientation on tactual braille recognition: Optimal touching positions

Subjects in five experiments matched tangible braille against a visible matching code. In Experiment 1, braille recognition suffered when entire lines of braille characters were tilted in varying amounts from the upright. Experiment 2 showed that tilt lowered performance for tangible, large embossed letters, as well as for braille. However, recognition was better for print letters than it was for braille. In Experiment 3, subjects attempted to match the upright array against embossed braille that was left/right reversed, inverted up/down, or rotated +180°. Performance was close to that for normal braille in the left/right reversal condition, and very low for the +180° rotation group. These results on braille tilt in the “picture plane” may reflect difficulty in manipulating the tangible “image.” Braille recognition performance was not lowered whenthe visible matching array was tilted ?45° or ?90° from the upright but the tangible stimuli were upright. In Experiment 4, recognition of left/right reversed braille that was physically horizontal (on the bottom of a shelf) was compared with that of braille left/right reversed due to its location on the back of a panel, in the vertical plane. Braille recognition accuracy was higher with braille located vertically. An additional experiment showed the beneficial effect of locating braille in the vertical, frontoparallel plane, obtained with +90° degree rotated braille. It is proposed that optimal tactual performance with tangible arrays might depend on touching position, and on the physical position of stimuli in space. Just as there are good and poor viewing positions, there may be optimal touching positions. The effects of tilt on braille identification were diminished for blind subjects, suggesting the importance of tactile experience and skill.     

The effect of orientation on tactual braille recognition: optimal touching positions.

Subjects in five experiments matched tangible braille against a visible matching code. In Experiment 1, braille recognition suffered when entire lines of braille characters were tilted in varying amounts from the upright. Experiment 2 showed that tilt lowered performance for tangible, large embossed letters, as well as for braille. However, recognition was better for print letters than it was for braille. In Experiment 3, subjects attempted to match the upright array against embossed braille that was left/right reversed, inverted up/down, or rotated +180 degrees. Performance was close to that for normal braille in the left/right reversal condition, and very low for the +180 degrees rotation group. These results on braille tilt in the "picture plane" may reflect difficulty in manipulating the tangible "image." Braille recognition performance was not lowered when the visible matching array was tilted -45 degrees or -90 degrees from the upright but the tangible stimuli were upright. In Experiment 4, recognition of left/right reversed braille that was physically horizontal (on the bottom of a shelf) was compared with that of braille left/right reversed due to its location on the back of a panel, in the vertical plane. Braille recognition accuracy was higher with braille located vertically. An additional experiment showed the beneficial effect of locating braille in the vertical, frontoparallel plane, obtained with +90 degree rotated braille. It is proposed that optimal tactual performance with tangible arrays might depend on touching position, and on the physical position of stimuli in space. Just as there are good and poor viewing positions, there may be optimal touching positions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

小学五年级语文学优生与学困生阅读知觉广度的眼动研究

本研究以眼动仪为工具,采用移动窗口范式来考察小学五年级语文学优生和学困生的阅读知觉广度。实验结果发现,小学五年级语文学优生的阅读知觉广度范围为注视字左侧一个汉字到注视字右侧三个汉字,小学五年级语文学困生的阅读知觉广度范围为注视字左侧一个汉字到注视字右侧两个汉字。小学五年级语文学优生的阅读知觉广度比学困生更大。     

The Thatcher illusion: rotating the viewer instead of the picture

Faces are difficult to recognise when presented upside down. This effect of face inversion was effectively demonstrated with the 'Thatcher illusion' by Thompson (1980 Perception 9 483-484). It has been tacitly assumed that this effect is due to inversion relative to retinal coordinates. Here we tested whether it is due to egocentric (i.e. retinal) inversion or whether the orientation of the body with respect to gravity also influences the face-inversion effect. A 3-D human turntable was used to test subjects in 5 different body-tilt (roll) orientations: 0 degree, 45 degrees, 90 degrees, 135 degrees, and 180 degrees. The stimuli consisted of 4 'normal' and 4 'thatcherised' faces and were presented in 8 different orientations in the picture plane. The subjects had to decide in a yes-no task whether the faces were 'normal' or 'thatcherised'. Analysis of the d' values revealed a significant effect of stimulus orientation and body tilt. The significant effect of body tilt was due to a drop in d' values in the 135 degrees orientation. This result is compared to findings of studies on the subjective visual vertical, where larger errors occurred in body-tilt orientations between 90 degrees and 180 degrees. The present findings suggest that the face-inversion effect relies mainly on retinal coordinates, but that in head-down body-tilt orientations around 135 degrees the gravitational reference frame has a major influence on the perception of faces.     

Habitual reading biases in the allocation of study time

Item order can bias learners’ study decisions and undermine the use of more effective allocation strategies, such as allocating study time to items in one’s region of proximal learning. In two experiments, we evaluated whether the influence of item order on study decisions reflects habitual responding based on a reading bias. We manipulated the order in which relatively easy, moderately difficult, and difficult items were presented from left to right on a computer screen and examined selection preference as a function of item order and item difficulty. Experiment 1a was conducted with native Arabic readers and in Arabic, and Experiment 1b was conducted with native English readers and in English. Students from both cultures prioritized items for study in the reading order of their native language: Arabic readers selected items for study in a right-to-left fashion, whereas English readers largely selected items from left to right. In Experiment 2, native English readers completed the same task as participants in Experiment 1b, but for some participants, lines of text were rotated upside down to encourage them to read from right to left. Participants who read upside-down text were more likely to first select items on the right side of an array than were participants who studied right-side-up text. These results indicate that reading habits can bias learners’ study decisions and can undermine agenda-based regulation.     

The comprehension of sentences involving quantity information affects responses on the up–down axis

We investigated the use of space in the comprehension of the concept of quantity in text. Previous work has suggested that the right-left axis is useful in spatial representations of number and quantity, while linguistic evidence points toward use of the up-down axis. In Experiment 1, participants read sentences containing quantity information and pressed buttons in either (1) an up and a down position or (2) a left and a right position. In Experiment 2, the participants pressed buttons in either (1) up and down positions or (2) left and right positions, but heard the sentences rather than reading them. We found spatial compatibility effects for the up-down axis, but not for the right-left axis. Additionally, the spatial compatibility effect was observed whether or not the participants moved to make their responses. We discussed the results in the context of embodied approaches to the comprehension of quantity information.     

Differences between right versus left lateral body tilt in its effect on the visual and tactual perception of verticality

Summary Ninety six Ss were subjected to lateral body tilt, ranging from 10° to 90° to the right and to the left, and indicated the visual vertical (by means of a luminescent rod) and the tactual vertical (by means of a metal bar) in a darkroom. There were significant differences for deviations of apparent from true vertical in both series between body tilt to the right versus to the left. With tilts to the right, apparent vertical deviated more opposite the direction of tilt, the E-phenomenon, or less in the direction of tilt, the A-phenomenon, as compared with tilts to the left.This study was supported, in part, by a Public Health Service Research Grant, MH 00348, from the National Institute of Mental Health, while the author was a NATO research fellow at Clark University, Worcester, MA; and in part by a Federal Grant, MR HD 06276, to the Children's Hospital Medical Center, while the author was a research fellow in child psychiatry at Harvard University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA.     

Effects of visual complexity and sublexical information in the occipitotemporal cortex in the reading of Chinese phonograms: a single-trial analysis with MEG

We employ a linear mixed-effects model to estimate the effects of visual form and the linguistic properties of Chinese characters on M100 and M170 MEG responses from single-trial data of Chinese and English speakers in a Chinese lexical decision task. Cortically constrained minimum-norm estimation is used to compute the activation of M100 and M170 responses in functionally defined regions of interest. Both Chinese and English participants’ M100 responses tend to increase in response to characters with a high numbers of strokes. English participants’ M170 responses show a posterior distribution and only reflect the effect of the visual complexity of characters. On the other hand, the Chinese participants’ left hemisphere M170 is increased when reading characters with high number of strokes, and their right hemisphere M170 is increased when reading characters with small combinability of semantic radicals. Our results suggest that expertise with words and the decomposition of word forms underlies processing in the left and right occipitotemporal regions in the reading of Chinese characters by Chinese speakers.     

声旁语音信息对形声字加工的影响——来自眼动研究的证据

与拼音文字不同, 汉字是形义结合更紧密的文字, 因此语音信息在语义通达中的作用一直是汉语加工研究中存在争议的问题。形声字作为汉字的主体(80%), 其声旁在一定程度上提供了字的语音信息, 本文通过两项眼动研究考察了左右结构和上下结构形声字的声旁语音信息对形声字加工的影响。结果发现, 当声旁在右或声旁在下时, 省前与略后条件没有显著差异, 甚至出现差异的逆转, 也就是说当略后的笔画中包含声旁时, 亚词汇层面的声旁语音信息会影响到“笔画顺序效应”, 实验结果说明声旁的语音信息对形声字的加工起到重要作用。