道德与良知：临床道德危机与德性伦理诉求

构建和谐医疗环境是广大民众的共识和愿望,但临床实践仍面临诸多困境。资本垄断医学导致道德沦丧;技术统治医疗导致伦理缺失;利益吞噬人性导致人性亏损,任何完善的机制、体制、规范也难以完全规范医生的诊疗行为。德性伦理兴起是化解道德危机的迫切诉求,也是医学道德建设永恒的主题。摆脱医学道德危机,不仅需要伦理规范的约束,更需要道德与良知的支撑。务必要重视德性伦理在临床实践中的作用,让道德的力量唤醒被麻醉的良知,从而超越资本逻辑、超越技术理性、超越自我意识,让现代医学真正为人类健康造福。     

"身心合一"之"仁"与儒家德性伦理--郭店竹简"(身心)"字及儒家仁爱的构成

有关儒家“仁爱”思想的研究,人们比较关注的问题之一,是“仁”这个字的起源,即它最初的构形以及与此相联的本义。战国玺印文“”的发现和释读,①使人们看到了“仁”字的新的构形,也使重新理解“仁”的意义有了可靠依据。郭店竹简中所有的“仁”字(七十多个)都写作“”,不仅进一步确证了古“”字的存在,而且提供了有关儒家“仁爱”观念的新文献,为研究“仁”带来了新的途径和活力。大家围绕“身心之仁”的讨论,主要集中在此字的构形与《说文》“从千从心”之“仁”和“从人从二”之“仁”之间的关系及其意义,但还不能令人信服。本文在…     

Virtue in Virtue Ethics

This paper represents two polemics. One is against suggestions (made by Harman and others) that recent psychological research counts against any claim that there is such a thing as genuine virtue (Cf. Harman, in: Byrne, Stalnaker, Wedgwood (eds.) Fact and value, pp 117–127, 2001). The other is against the view that virtue ethics should be seen as competing against such theories as Kantian ethics or consequentialism, particularly in the specification of decision procedures.     

如何对金融危机进行伦理反思

对金融危机的伦理反思不能停留于华尔街高管个人的贪婪和美国公众的消费主义的层面,需要深入到20世纪80年代以来新保守主义政治潮流推进的新自由主义经济思潮蕴含的政治哲学以及与其相应的伦理观念。其中与新自由主义结合在一起的社会达尔文主义的影响不可小视。中国学界要"见不贤而自内省",正视由新自由主义的"经济学帝国主义"带来的社会达尔文主义在社会上的泛滥及其导致的后果。     

Mind or Virtue

Abstract— Traditional research on human learning has neglected people's beliefs about learning, the role of culture in shaping those beliefs, and people's consequent learning behavior. Recent research provides evidence that cultural beliefs about learning are essential in influencing individuals' beliefs and their actual learning. This article reviews research on Western learning beliefs, which emphasize the mind, and Chinese learning beliefs, which emphasize personal virtue, as well as on the differences these beliefs produce in people's actual learning. Developmental evidence is also presented to show that the cultural influences begin early. Future research directions are discussed.     

Virtue Ethics and Confucian Ethics

This essay focuses on the unity of several virtues in pre-Qin Confucians. Confucius maintains the proper application and coherence of such virtues as benevolence, wisdom, trustworthiness, straightforwardness, courage, and firmness. Further, Confucius takes benevolence and nobility as characteristic of human being. Particular attention is paid to the distinction and relationship between virtuous characters and virtuous actions.     

Mind the Gap

Abstract

Monogamy and polygamy are often considered to be a binary pair. Yet this binary is only possible under very particular conditions. This essay explores those conditions which are elided in order to sustain the binary through analyses of cases from across Christian history. In doing so, we are able to see places were monogamy and polygamy blur and create what I term polygamous monogamy. In particular I pay attention to the way time — which is impacted by other elements from Christianity such as divorce, remarriage, and the afterlife — factors into numbering marriages.     

Mind the Gap

Journal of Philosophical Logic - In debates about the metaphysics of material objects examples of colocated objects are commonly taken to be examples of coincidence too. But the argument that...     

Virtue Ethics

I discuss a puzzle that shows there is a need to develop a new metaphysical interpretation of mathematical theories, because all well-known interpretations conflict with important aspects of mathematical activities. The new interpretation, I argue, must authenticate the ontological commitments of mathematical theories without curtailing mathematicians' freedom and authority to creatively introduce mathematical ontology during mathematical problem-solving. Further, I argue that these two constraints are best met by a metaphysical interpretation of mathematics that takes mathematical entities to be constitutively constructed by human activity in a manner similar to the constitutive construction of the US Supreme Court by certain legal and political activities. Finally, I outline some of the philosophical merits of metaphysical interpretations of mathematical theories of this type.     

美德伦理学与情境主义:论品格特征的实在性

情境主义依据社会心理学的实验研究结果主张,个体的行为取决于具体的情境,而不是作为品格特征的美德,根本不存在美德伦理学所说的品格特征。美德伦理学家一方面对情境主义所依托的实验证据进行了质疑,另一方面指出了情境主义对美德概念的误解,从而消解了情境主义的批评。但情境主义一方面可以提醒美德伦理学要注意情境的重要性,另一方面它的研究方法也值得美德伦理学借鉴。     

Outing and Virtue Ethics

The paper argues that the two dominant approaches towards the moral issues surrounding outing are too weak to handle the latter's complexity and would benefit from being made part of a broader and richer framework, namely, that of virtue ethics. One dominant approach begins by arguing that people do not have the right to privacy in matters of sexual orientation (not behaviour), and so outing gay people does not violate such a right. It continues by arguing that living a dignified life requires the agent to refuse to keep secret the gay sexual orientation of others. The second dominant approach, opposed to the first, argues that gay people have a right to the privacy of sexual orientation, and so outing them is prima facie wrong. Both approaches, the paper argues, are too weak to handle the complexity of outing: the first suffers from emphasizing only one subset of the virtues (dignity, pride, and so on), while the second is too weak to explain fully why in some cases outing is permissible. Virtue ethics is a much richer framework from which to address the complexity of outing.     

Virtue Ethics and Elitism

Abstract

Because of its reliance on a basically Aristotelian conception of virtue, contemporary virtue ethics is often criticised for being inherently elitist. I argue that this objection is mistaken. The core of my argument is that we need to take seriously that virtue, according to Aristotle, is something that we acquire gradually, via a developmental process. People are not just stuck with their characters once and for all, but can always aspire to become better (more virtuous). And that is plausibly the basic normative requirement of virtue ethics.     

德性论与伦理学

伦理学中有价值论、规范论或义务论,但没有专门研究德性问题的德性论.德性问题是一个重要的人生问题,也是一个重要的社会问题,尤其是当代社会的严重问题,而且只有伦理学才能从理论和实践的结合上给予系统的回答.因此,应该建立德性论专门研究德性问题.德性论研究什么是德性以及如何形成德性的问题,其主要任务是确立伦理学的德性原则.德性论与价值论、规范论一起分别从人的品质、目的、行为方面解释和回答人生问题,它们是相对独立、相互补充的,共同给人生提供伦理学原则并研究回答人生的伦理学问题.德性伦理学属于德性论的研究,但德性伦理学是西方伦理学的一个流派,而不是伦理学的一个相对独立的分支.     

以行为者为基础的德性伦理

近年来,德性伦理的复兴为伦理界注入了很多有价值的思想资源。致力于这个主题的人主要在关注亚里士多德以及新亚里士多德主义思想。米歇尔.斯洛特教授则认为,某种形式的以行为者为基础的德性伦理也已经有了真正的希望和可能性。因此,在这篇文章中,斯洛特教授详细阐释了以行为者为基础的德性伦理的可能性。作者详细分析了以行为者为基础的德性伦理的基本内涵、分析并反驳了各种可能的对这一思想的反对意见,论证了以行为者为基础的德性伦理的建构方法以及具体的应用性。     

德性伦理论要

德性伦理强调以人类自身的内在品质作为人的一切生活的出发点,这不仅使德性伦理在人类伦理思想的起源处规避着人类伦理生活的方向,而且在现代人类遭遇道德困境的形势下,又指示着人类伦理生活所应该采取的态度。德性伦理最终的理论指向便是将成就德性与明其规范统一起来,从而真正实现人自身的价值。在现代社会价值多元化的背景下,对传统德性伦理资源的挖掘,显得尤为重要。无论是亚里士多德的德性传统,还是原始儒家的德性传统,都可以为现代伦理理论的建设提供丰富的智性资源。