AN APPROXIMATE DIFFERENCE: PROXIMITY AND OPPRESSION IN THE WEST'S ENCOUNTER WITH SIKHISM

The work of John Hick represents a prominent trend in the philosophy of religion, which is allegedly receptive to the epistemological concerns of religions other than Christianity. However, I will argue that this apparent latitude towards religious difference deploys a comparative idiom that is surreptitiously informed by a form of ontotheology that inscribes the same cultural chauvinism as other forms of Western discourse. This form of clandestine interventionism was also a feature of the colonial system. Among the most insidious regimes of control inaugurated by the British in India was the identification of racial kinship between themselves and other ‘martial races’ such as the Sikhs. I will suggest that this apparent commensurability of colonial and native traditions depended upon the Sikhs readily appropriating a martial signature that restricted the excesses of their warfare to the teleological calculation of British militancy, a solicitous gesture that surreptitiously testified to Sikh degeneracy. This ethnic cliché persists to this day and indicates that the Sikhs remain unacquainted with the lack organic to such stereotypes, prompting expressions of autonomy already prefaced by failure.     

GROUP GUIDANCE IN AN EMPLOYMENT SERVICE SETTING

Since socialization is a learned process, it has been hypothesized that through a group experience individuals might be assisted to develop improved interpersonal relationships, improved self-confidence, and more relevant work attitudes and, thus, might be assisted to improve their employability. A questionnaire was devised in order to study the utilization and practice of group guidance in an Employment Service setting.     

GROUP COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING EFFECTIVENESS: AN INVESTIGATION OF GROUP PHASES

The present study sought to determine whether “successful” problem-solving groups can be distinguished from “unsuccessful” problem-solving groups on the basis of the phases that characterize their problem-solving discussion. The results, while based on a limited sample of nine groups, provide strong evidence to indicate that no single uniform sequence of phases is necessarily associated with either “successful” or “un-successful” group problem-solving. Rather, the study found that both “successful” and “unsuccessful” groups take their own unique “paths” to solving their problems, perhaps depending on the conditions and circumstances present at critical points in the problem-solving process. Interestingly, however, while the study discovered that there are several different sequences of phases associated with both “successful” and “unsuccessful” group problem-solving, a comparison of those different sequences revealed one general difference. Specifically, it was discovered that “successful” groups tend to begin their discussion by attempting to analyze the problem before attempting to search for a viable solution to it, while “unsuccessful” groups tend to begin the discussion by immediately attempting to search for a viable solution to the problem before attempting to analyze the problem.     

JAPANESE AND AMERICAN VALUES1

Valeurs japonaises et américaines. — L'A. examine les changements politiques et sociaux intervenus au Japon après la seconde guerre mondiale et pose le problème de savoir si le système de valeurs psychologiques a changè de la mêmc manière. On soumet à des élèves de lycée et d'université une version de L'échelle de préférences personnelles d'Edwards et on compare les résultats avec les normes qui se sont dégagées des réponses de sujets américains pour la mêrac échelle. Les résultats indiquent qu'au niveau de L'universite, les étudiants japonais se situent plus bas que les étudiants américains en matière de réussite, dc déférence et de dominance, mais plus haut en matiére d'humilité, d'endurance et de besoin de changement. Les étudiantes japonaises se situent plus has que les américaines en matière de réussite, de déférence, d'affiliation, de dominance et d'éducation, mais plus haut en matière d'agression. L'A. interprète ces résultats comme le signe que le système de valeurs des Japonais ne peut donner une base solide à des formes démocratiques durables d'organisation (“démocratique” par opposition à “autoritaire et centralisé”).     

THE ENCOUNTER BETWEEN FAITHS AND AN ‘AESTHETIC ATTITUDE’

This paper contains a discussion of the idea of using what could loosely be called an ‘aesthetic attitude’ (stemming largely from Kantian notions of disinterest and explicitly articulated by such writers in the 20^th century as Edward Bullough and Jerome Stolnitz) in the context of the encounter between religions. The ‘problem’ that is addressed is formulated as an attempt to find a space in which the participation of those with committed faith positions (e.g. conservative evangelicals) in sympathetic and empathetic meeting with other faiths can be facilitated. To this end, the paper is critical of the use of spirituality (or inter‐spirituality) as an oft‐suggested mode by which religions meet and ‘converse’ in depth‐encounters. That is, it is argued that the language of inter‐spirituality that is employed by some interfaith writers often betrays liberal assumptions that are unsettling for more committed religious persons. Thus, it is suggested that by changing the language of encounter from ‘inter‐spirituality’ to a more aesthetic (or playful) mode of discourse, one is creating a different, but nonetheless experientially recognisable, space of empathetic meeting and encounter that might be deemed ‘safer’.     

CULTURE AND WORK-RELATED VALUES IN THAI ORGANIZATIONS

In the context of the Thai socio-cultural system, this paper analyzes the work-related values, factors that motivate workers and managers and their patterns of behavior in government and private sectors. Two nation-wide surveys identified 9 value orientations: the Ego, Grateful relationship, Smooth interpersonal relationship, Flexibility and adjustment, Religio-psychical orientation, Education and competence. Interdependence, Fun-pleasure, and Achievement-task. The findings show that for the Thai, task achievement value is usually inhibited by social relationship values. However, for the lower class of Thai society like farmers and skilled workers, work values are more oriented towards hard work as there is only a small chance that their work would be in conflict with relations. In conclusion, the author argues for the concept of cultural relativity in the formulation of management and organizational theories.     

KNOWLEDGE,VALUES, AND BELIEFS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT SINCE 1948: AN OVERVIEW

In this contribution, an overview of the distinct ways in which the interplay between knowledge, values, and beliefs took shape in the South African context since 1948 is offered. This is framed against the background of the paleontological significance of South Africa and an appreciation of indigenous knowledge systems, but also of the ideological distortion of knowledge and education during the apartheid era through the legacy of neo‐Calvinism. The overview includes references to discourse on human rationality (as an implicit critique against ideology), on the use of social sciences in theological reflection, on the teaching of evolution in public schools, on science and religion, and on religion and ecology. The essay concludes with a survey of some of the major voices regarding the interface between religion and science in South Africa.     

CONTINGENT OBSERVATION: AN EFFECTIVE AND ACCEPTABLE PROCEDURE FOR REDUCING DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIOR OF YOUNG CHILDREN IN A GROUP SETTING1

Since a major task of childhood is learning to get along in a group without disrupting other children's activities, caregivers need explicit guidelines for gentle but effective procedures for dealing with disruptive behaviors in child-care settings. In a day-care center for normal 1- and 2-yr-old children, an effort was made to develop a procedure that appeared sufficiently humane and educational to be acceptable to parents and daycare workers, and yet effective in reducing disruptive play behaviors. Caregivers used the occasion of disruptive behavior to instruct the child in appropriate alternatives, then had the child sit on the periphery and observe the appropriate social behavior of the other children, “sit and watch”, for a brief period before inviting him or her to rejoin the play activities. The effectiveness of this procedure was compared with a method commonly recommended for use with young children: instructing the child, then distracting or redirecting the child to an alternative toy or activity. Contingent observation, combining instruction with a brief timeout (from being a participant in an activity to becoming an observer of the activity), proved considerably more effective in maintaining low levels of disruptions and was considered by caregivers and parents to be an appropriate and socially acceptable method of dealing with young children's disruptive behaviors. Therefore, contingent observation can be recommended for general use in day-care programs for young children.     

SEQUENTIAL STRUCTURE OF INTERACTION IN ENCOUNTER GROUPS

This study investigated patterned distribution of communication across time in an effort to assess temporal development in T-groups through the use of verbal interaction measures. Two groups conducted with a “meaning-attribution” facilitation style had their verbal interaction recorded as contiguous units of communication. Factor analysis of interaction categories produced nine dimensions labeled: Antagonistic, Assertive-Supportive, Dominant Assertive, Aggressive-Assertive, Assertive, Reactions to Group Laughter, Task-Determining Activity, Reactions to Group Tension, and Supportive-ness. Analysis of the cell means indicated three separate stages of group life could be extrapolated from the sequential distribution of interaction: Boundary-seeking, Ambivalence, and Actualization.