语言指示对动作效果的影响

問題 有人认为,用语言提示动作任务可以提高动作效果,语言提示的任务不同,其效果也不同。在我们的运动实践中,看到不完全相同的结果,运动员对待运动活动的态度也是影响运动效果的原因。在运动活动中,他人的语言指示对运动效果究竟有何影响?在提高运动动作效果中它是否起主导作用?这是本文要探讨的问题。     

学习的外部化活动对解答除法应用题的作用的实验研究

研究目的 本研究是关于十年制学校二年級小学生掌握等分除法和包含除法应用題的心理学問題。等分除法和包含除法应用題涉及求一个数的几分之一和一个数是另一个数的几倍。对于这一类的应用題如何才能理解得正确,如何才能給予正确的解答,这是关系提高教学效率的問題,同时,又是以后学生学习分数与倍数的基础。关于小学生理解等分除法和包含除法应用題的心理特点及外部化活动对人智力活动形成的作用,前人均有一定的研     

独生子与非独生子行为特点的比较研究

本研究有151名三至四岁半的幼儿园儿童参加,其中48名为非独生子,103名为独生子(其中48名为配对独生子)。所用方法为观察、评价和问卷。结果表明:三至四岁半儿童的性格无特异性与两端性。报告也讨论了独生子与非独生子行为和性格无显著差异的原因。此外,作者还提出:不同的环境反馈和儿童行为的有意性,会导致儿童的“双重性格”。     

THE EFFECT OF VERBAL SELF-GUIDANCE TRAINING ON COLLECTIVE EFFICACY AND TEAM PERFORMANCE

Although organizations frequently use teams, few studies have systematically examined training methods designed to improve collective efficacy and team performance. As such, the primary purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of verbal self-guidance (VSG) training, adapted from Meichenbaum (1975,1977), on collective efficacy and team performance. Using a quasi-experimental design, undergraduate students ( n = 184) were assigned to 42 teams. These 42 teams were assigned to 2 training conditions (verbal self-guidance/comparison). Results revealed that verbal self-guidance had a main effect on collective efficacy and performance. Collective efficacy was found to mediate the VSG training-performance relationship; it also correlated significantly with both team performance and the use of verbal guidance skills.     

大脑两半球对McCollough效应敏感性的比较研究

本实验通过对大脑两半球对McCollough效应敏感性的比较研究,探索了心理科学的最新发展之一——大脑两半球不对称性研究的新途径。 实验以正常右利手人为被试。采用单侧视野呈现技术,在控制眼动的情况下,探索了大脑两半球在McCollough效应形成过程中的差异问题及有关问题,并取得了较为可靠的实验材料。实验结果表明:1.大脑两半球对McCollo-ugh效应的敏感性是不同的,大脑右半球对McCollough效应的敏感性高于左半球。2.在双眼适应与单眼适应条件下的比较,被试两侧视野所见的McColl-ough效应彩度值的差值有显著差异。3.男性被试两侧视野所见的McCollou-gh效应彩度值的差值略高于女性被试。4.在同等条件下,女性被试较之于男性被试容易产生更大的McCollough效应。     

独生子与非独生子在入园适应方面的比较研究

本研究有六个小班的96名三岁至四岁半的儿童参加,其中48名为非独生子,48名为本班的配对独生子。使用的方法为观察与问卷。结果表明:三至四岁半的独生子与非独生子入幼儿园第一个月的适应行为无显著差异。报告也讨论了影响入园困难的因素,研究入园问题的良好指标以及有效的教学措施等。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF RECIDIVISTS AND CONTRACEPTORS ALONG THE DIMENSIONS OF LOCUS OF CONTROL AND IMPULSIVITY

The research examined personality differences between repeat aborters, initial aborters, and nulliparas. A review of the literature in the area has documented the demographic characteristics of women who continually seek repeated abortion. This study was an attempt to differentiate between women who contracept from those who seek abortion repeatedly on the basis of personality differences. The findings indicate that repeaters who seek abortion at the time of personality testing perceive themselves low in impulsivity, a finding similar to that for women who have never been pregnant and are seeking contraceptive services. Results are examined from the perspective of inaccurate vs accurate self-perceptions. No differences were found with respect to locus of control.     

差数显著性t检验与元分析的对比研究

利用计算机构造被试总体、模拟实验研究程序进行抽样研究,探讨显著性ｔ检验方法与元分析方法在检验实验结果数据方面的差异。在模拟实验过程中,ｔ验受到显著性水平、样本容量和总体效果大小的影响,因此最终影响了统计推断的可靠性,建议：在进行显著性检验过程中,应对统计检验能力进行估计;元分析方法以样本为元素对总体进行推断,因此具有很高的准确性和可靠性,它将很有可能成为今后心理学研究的重要统计工具。     

小学儿童形象与語詞記忆特点的初步实驗研究

目的根据馬克思列宁主义反映论的观点,記忆过程和其他心理过程一样,是客观現实在人脑中的反映。客观現实的对象和現象对人的作用,不外是形象的与語詞的两种主要形式,因此,形象的东西利語詞的材料,就构成了記忆过程和其他心理过程反映的主要內容。形象的、語詞的材料,不仅是人的記忆的主要內容,而且从个体記忆的发展来看,形象     

THE MEASUREMENT OF VERBAL PREDISPOSITIONS: SCALE DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION

A self-report instrument (PVB), designed to measure Predispositions toward Verbal Behavior, was found to have acceptable internal reliability, content validity, moderate construct validity, and strong criterion-related validity. Subjects were found to have a generalized cognitive orientation toward their speech patterning that correlated positively with number of words and duration of talk in both highly-structured interviews and unstructured discussion situations.     

A COMPARISON OF REINFORCER ASSESSMENT METHODS: THE UTILITY OF VERBAL AND PICTORIAL CHOICE PROCEDURES

We compared three methods of stimulus preference assessment for verbal children and specifically evaluated the utility of a verbal choice procedure for assessing relative reinforcer value. Using a token system, relative preference for five categories of reinforcers, representing 15 different stimuli, was assessed by three methods: a reinforcer survey, a verbal stimulus-choice questionnaire, and a pictorial stimulus-choice procedure. Results showed that the verbal and pictorial stimulus-choice assessments accurately identified high- and low-preference categories for 3 of 4 participants. Survey results alone often rated multiple categories as high preference, were less likely to identify low-preference categories, and were less likely to correspond with the results of a reinforcer assessment.     

THE INFLUENCE OF VERBAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND VERBAL ORGANIZING SKILLS ON SELECT MEASURES OF LEARNING

This study investigated the influence of verbal organizational structure and verbal organizing skills on recall of facts, ability to pattern, and ability to problem-solve. One hundred and fifty-nine college students, classified as high or low in ability to organize verbal material, heard recorded communications that consisted of either high-structure-sequence or low-structure-sequence messages. The results indicated that level of message structure and organizing skills were conjunctively related to the learning variables, with structure apparently accounting for more of the variance than organizing skills.     

复合应用题結构的初步探討

問題学生解答应用題的思維过程受制約于題目的結构。雅魯楚克曾指出:“学生解題依課題的复杂程度和課題的数学結构、依学生的准备性为轉移而出現不同程度的解題过程。所以分析課題的結构特点,是了解学生解題的整个思維过程的一个途径。     

差数显著性t检验与元分析方法的模拟对比

利用计算机程序构造被试总体、模拟实验研究程序进行抽样研究 ,探讨差数显著性t检验方法与元分析方法在检验实验结果数据和进行实际应用方面的差异。模拟实验结果表明 ,差数显著性t检验与总体效果大小和样本容量有明显关系 ,但与随机抽样分布样本数目基本无关 ;抽样分布样本效果大小的平均值可以作为总体效果大小的估计值 ,它与样本容量和抽样样本数目有密切关系 ;本研究提供的实际应用数据结果可以作为研究者进行元分析方法实验研究的参考依据     

比较研究-影响中美儿童计算能力差异的认知因素

本研究要确定中美儿童基本计算技能的差异是否与他们使用的解题策略和基本加工过程的速度有关。为此,对中美两国的一年级儿童进行了书面计算能力测验,以及一组计算机呈现的加法作业。中国儿童在计算能力测验上表现出3:1的操作优势。中美儿童使用的解题策略种类一样,但是,中国儿童在策略综合运用的发展程度上超过美国儿童,检索策略的加工速度也超过美国儿童。显然,策略运用和加工速度的差异促成了中国儿童在计算能力测验上的优势.     

社会认知中印象形成的启动效应研究:频因,近因效应

本文以社会认知为出发点,考察印象形成的启动效应,它采用性质不同的成语作为实验材料,并操纵启动刺激的结构,系统探讨了印象形成的启动效应中原因与近因效应,结果发现：当呈现表示同一品质但性质相反的成语时,如果启动刺激和目标刺激之间不延迟,则近因在启动效应中起作用,但在延迟情况下,频因在启动效应中占优势;同时随着延迟的出现,启动效应明显变小。实验结果支持启动效应的突触模式说;     

3—6岁超常与常态儿童类比推理的比较研究

本研究为探讨3—6岁儿童类比推理发展过程的特点和水平,并在此基础上,比较超常和常态儿童的差异。研究是以图形和实物图片为实验材料,受试采取四择一的选择反应,在每项反应完成后,都要了解他们选择的依据。受试为650人。 研究结果表明,3—6岁儿童已具有一定水平的类比推理能力,这种能力随年龄增长而发展提高;绝大多数超常儿童类比推理的成绩既超过同年龄常态儿童均值两个标准差以上,又高于比他们大两岁以上的常态儿童的平均成绩;他们类比推理发展的水平也高于常态儿童1—2级水平;而且他们还表现有优于同年龄常态儿童的一些思惟特点。