主流心理学科学观的来源与结构——经典物理学与主流心理学科学观比较分析

主流心理学僵化的科学观日益受到批判 ,但在其科学观的来源与结构问题上心理学家并未达成一致。本文通过比较经典物理学与主流心理学的科学观后认为 ,主流心理学的科学观来自于对经典物理学的模仿 ,且这一科学观有其内在的复杂结构。而目前对于主流心理学科学观的批判往往忽视或低估了这一结构的复杂性。     

主流心理学科学观的来源与结构--经典物理学与主流心理学科学观比较分析

主流心理学僵化的科学观日益受到批判,但在其科学观的来源与结构问题上心理学家并未达到一致。本文通过比较经典物理学与主流心理学的科学观后认为,主流心理学的科学观来自于对经典物理学的模仿,且这一科学观有其内的复杂结构。而目前对于主流心理学科学观的批判往往忽视或低估了这一结构的复杂性。     

经典诠释与体系建构--中国哲学诠释传统的成熟与特点刍议

中国古代哲学的发展与哲学诠释的传统有密切关系,王弼和郭象代表了中国古代哲学诠释传统的成熟时期,自此以后,以较完整的经典注释的方式阐发思想家的哲学体系就成了中国哲学发展的主流,朱熹、王夫之是古代哲学诠释传统的高峰,牟宗三则是这一传统的现代代表.本文认为,西方诠释学从原则上为中国哲学史上的体系重构提供了很好的解释和论证,但西方诠释学理论并不能充分解释中国哲学的诠释传统,中国的哲学诠释传统的典型形式是以经典诠释的方式进行哲学体系的建构或重构,打破了西方诠释学理论所说的"诠释的循环",从而构成了对西方诠释学的一种挑战,回答这种挑战就可以丰富和发展诠释学理论,并有可能创造出一种新的适合于理解和说明中国哲学传统的诠释学.     

从解脱的定义看佛教义理中的意会特征

在人类漫长的历史发展过程中,各种各样的思维方式和相应的思维方法,通过各种综合性因素的作用,逐渐演变为以西方科学性思维模式和以东方意会性思维模式为特点的两大文化主流。在不同文化的国度里,科学性和意会性构成了两条平行的发展线路,它们具有各自独特的思维优势和现实的实用性功能。     

马克思"从抽象到具体"的科学方法论的历史原像与当代解读

"从抽象到具体"是马克思在一百五十年前所提出来的用于研究资本主义政治经济学的方法论.在马克思的经典语境中,它是指一种总体性再现现代社会历史发展过程的科学的社会历史认识逻辑方法.但在西方马克思主义解读模式中它则被片面地突显为批判资本主义异化现实的人学辩证法;而在苏联马克思主义解读模式中则被泛化为适用于自然社会和人类思维一切领域的辩证唯物主义认识论方法.文章认为,要科学地理解"从抽象到具体"方法的真义,就必须把它放在马克思历史唯物主义和政治经济学批判的原初语境之中.     

从解脱的定义看佛教义理中的意会性特征

在人类漫长的历史发展过程中,各种各样的思维方式和相应的思维方法,通过各种综合性因素的作用,逐渐演变为以西方科学性思维模式和以东方意会性思维模式为特点的两大文化主流。在不同文化的国度里,科学性和意会性构成了两条平行的发展线路,它们具有各自独特的思维优势和现实的实     

为什么中国传统文化没有促进现代自然科学的发展?

中国传统文化的发展没有导致（或产生）由物理学所代表的现代自然科学，这一事实本身就反映了中国文化与西方文化的不同。尽管历史上中国在科学和技术方面取得过辉煌的成就，但为什么中国传统文化并没有促成现代自然科学的诞生呢？本文打算证明中国的语言，尤其是古代的书写文字是中国自然科学发展的主要障碍。本文将通过探讨中国语言和综合思维方式、哲学、科学以及政治的关系，来完成上述证明。 一、中国语言与综合思维方式 文化是思想活动的产物。因此，一个民族的文化发展不可能不受其思维方式的影响，而思维方式又不可能不受思维外壳─…     

科学发现的概念逻辑——兼评爱因斯坦的“思维自由创造”

随着现代自然科学的兴起,以往的自然科学成了所谓的“经典自然科学”。现代科学描绘了一幅新的自然图景。思维是存在的反映。现代科学所揭示的新的自然图景带来了科学思维方式的变革。不妨可以说,它使以往的科学思维方式也成为“经典科学思维方式”。科学思维方式的集中表现在于获得新知识的思维方法,亦即科学发现的思维方法。相应地,科学思维方式的改变也集中表现在科学发现的思维方法的变革上。科学思维的历史告诉我们,这场变革可以归结为科学发现使用的逻辑工具从推理发展到概念。     

评现代新儒家的“中体西用”论

评现代新儒家的“中体西用”论李翔海在中国哲学的现代重建中，现代新儒家采取的“中体西用”的思想纲领，典型地代表了现代新儒家作为文化保守主义的思想品格。本文拟对这一问题作一评析。一近代以来，中国社会的文化危机是双重的。一方面，作为社会之主导思想的儒家文化已经僵滞、萎缩，内在的文化生命力呈严重衰竭之势。另一方面，在发展出了以自由、民主、科学为代表的价值系统之后，西方文化已经具备了现代文化的形态。而随着以坚船利炮为依凭的西学东渐，西方现代文化对中国文化传统构成了严峻的挑战，进一步加速了中国文化传统的没落…     

儒家核心价值观的生态伦理审思

生态伦理视阈中的儒家核心价值现蕴含着丰富的精神资源:儒家"一体之仁"观将人与自然看成是道德共同体,强调人在这一共同体中的道德主体地位,以"爱有差等"作为现实的安排,体现了儒家以血缘关系为基础的具有宗教情怀的人类中心意识,儒家在生活方式上"宁俭勿奢"的价值取向包含适度消费的思想,启发人们对自己的消费行为进行道德评价和约束,纠正一味追求物质丰受的消费倾向,这是符合生态学规则的,儒家"为己之学"与"推已及人"相统一的价值取向有助于我们超越以个人主义为基础的西方核心价值观.然而,儒家的上述价值观又与维护宗法制度的价值取向纠姑在一起,因此,必须实现儒家核心价值观的现代转化.     

The Return Of The Religious

Recents discussions of expansion in the European Union and the possibility of envisioning a Muslim country in it has exacerbated the deep-seated anxiety about Islam among the liberal and extreme right in Europe. This paper suggests that there are recurring elements in the discourse of European cultural identity and one of these elements is the representation of Islam in its alterity to European identity and civilization. Questioning the thesis of a radical break with the Christian past, this paper questions whether the European cultural identity which is being formed today signifies a break with a religious form of identification. The liberal and extreme right opposes Turkish membership on the grounds that the differences between ‘European values’ and ‘European culture and lifestyle’ and Turkey's culture are what makes the latter essentially and fundamentally external to the essence of Europe. Tracing the remnants of Christian discourse in the contemporary fashioning of European identity, this paper discusses how Christianity, with its secularized versions, which are now displaced to culture and lifestyle, still holds a privileged position as a unifying theme in Europe. It suggests that one of the tests that awaits Europe is whether it will be capable of articulating a new but democratic identity for Europe, one that is responsive to the differences of the other or whether it wants to continue to be European by way of its old methods of exclusion.     

The Red and The Real

It is often claimed that principles of individuation imply essential properties of the things individuated. For example, sets are individuated by their members, hence sets have their members essentially. But how does this inference work? First I discuss the form of such inferences, and conclude that the essentialist inference is not a purely formal matter: although there is a form which all principles of individuation have in common, it is not true that any statement of that form is a principle of individuation, and hence there is no valid inference based purely on that form. However, I argue that there is a viable version of the essentialist inference nonetheless. The resources for a proper reconstruction of this type of inference can be gathered from reflections upon the role principles of individuation play in the project of the ontologist: such principles turn out to carry a modal weight similar to that of definitions or conceptual truths. It follows that, no matter how austere the ontology, some portion of essentialist modality is inevitable.     

医学教育人文精神缺失的弊端及对策

人文精神本是医学学科的根本要旨之一,然而,目前医学教育中普遍存在着人文精神缺失的状况.从医学教育的宗旨、医学模式的转变、医学生的综合素质、医患关系方面剖析了人文精神缺失的弊端并提出了相应对策.     

The Activities of The Scandinavian Societies

Freud's concept of the death instinct has given rise to many different interpretations which have often been contradictory. It is in fact already possible to discern two diametrically opposite meanings of this concept in Freud's work from 1920—Beyond the Pleasure Principle—in which he first introduced the concept of the death instinct. In this paper, it is argued that both these meanings are relevant in describing psychical life, although only one of these meanings actually qualifies for the concept “death instinct”. Beyond the Pleasure Principle was written in order to try to understand some everyday, as well as clinical phenomena which could not be explained by the so-called pleasure principle. Freud postulated something beyond the pleasure principle, which initially seemed to have to do with binding energy. I will preserve this idea and attempt to develop it within the context of a phenomenological analysis of time. The temporalization of the subject involves a very basic affirmation of existence, in that the subject experiences something constant, something that can be said to possess the quality of a gestalt. I propose that that which is beyond the pleasure principle—this binding of energy—should be understood as the opposite of the idea of a primordial death instinct striving towards death. In this case, that which is beyond the pleasure principle reflects an original affirmation of existence, which could be said to correspond to Freud's first meaning of the death instinct. The second meaning—for which the name “death instinct” seems to be applicable—concerns the discharge of energy, which from a temporal point of view shows itself as a tendency to dissolution. The concept of the death instinct in its various meanings is discussed in connection with phenomenological reflections on time, which is a different approach from Freud's attempt to ground the death instinct in biology.     

The neglected bulimic: The nonpurger

For nearly 10 years bulimia has been recognized officially as a distinct eating disorder, and yet in that time only minimal attention has focused on the nonpurging subtype. The present investigation compared 21 DSM-III-R diagnosed nonpurging bulimics with 22 non-eating-disordered controls on three standardized questionnaires and during a unique assessment task. In this procedure subjects imagined that they were the character in a series of slides and audiotaped flooding scenes. The content of the stimuli ranged from food and weight cues to issues hypothesized to play a role in the development or maintenance of bulimia (e.g., rejection or loss of control fears). A MANOVA conducted on the three questionnaires was highly significant, with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Restraint Scale being responsible for the elevated bulimic scores. A repeated-measures ANOVA performed on the self-report ratings during the exposure task also achieved significance, as the bulimics reported higher anxiety reactions than controls to each experimental stimulus. Significant skin conductance reactions were detected when a group of only the most psychophysiologically responsive bulimics and controls were compared. The importance of continued comprehensive evaluations with DSM-III-R nonpurging bulimics was emphasized.This research was supported by grants both from the University of New Mexico's Research Allocation Committee and the Biomedical Research Support Grant committee. Portions of this paper were presented at the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy annual conference, Boston, November 1987.     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.