Relationships between scores on the DIAL-R concepts scale and SRA scores.

42 children, brought for preschool screening from rural north central Kansas school districts, were administered the concepts area of the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning--Revised, and after the children had started school, the SRA scores were collected from their files. The 20 boys were absent more often than the 22 girls during Kindergarten. There was no sex difference on the concepts area of the DIAL--R. In Grade 1 girls had higher SRA Composite scores. The scores on the DIAL--R concepts area correlated (.36 to .68) with Kindergarten SRA scores and Grade 1 SRA scores, in part, because the DIAL--R concepts area covers the material presented and learned in Kindergarten and screens for material presented in Grade 1. Screening devices may be a useful first step in developing comprehensive assessment plans for children.     

A revised version of the psychoticism scale

In view of certain psychometric deficiencies of the original Psychoticism scale, an attempt was made to improve the scale by adding new items. It was attempted to increase the internal reliability of the scale, improve the shape of the distribution and increase the mean and variance score. Two different studies are discussed. Reliabilities are now somewhat improved, distributions are closer to normal and mean scores are higher than on the old scale. Four new short 12-item scales for the measurement of P, E, N and L are also given.     

Psychoticism as a dimension of personality: a multivariate genetic test of Eysenck and Eysenck's psychoticism construct

In this study, we applied multivariate genetic analysis, a generalization of factor analysis and behavior genetic analysis, to responses to items of the Psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire by 2,903 adult same-sex Australian twin pairs. Item loadings on genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental common and specific factors were estimated. The genetic factor structure differed considerably from the environmental structures, particularly in men. The genetic correlation between suspiciousness items and items reflecting unconventional or tough-minded attitudes or hostility to others was negative, but the environmental correlation was positive. Thus, conventional behavior genetic studies that have reported significant heritability of psychoticism, on the basis of analyses of scale scores, are misleading as to what trait is being inherited.     

Attitudes toward women,violence, and rape: A comparison of convicted rapists and other felons

Literature in the area of rape has been dominated by the psychiatric perspective leading to the view of rape as an individualistic, ideosyncratic and psychopathological problem. This leads to a conception of the rapist as a special criminal who is somehow different from his fellow prisoners. This paper proposes to study rapists as emotionally average men who have been socialized to view aggressive sexual behavior as appropriate in various situations. A comparison of rapists’ attitudes toward women, violence and rape with that of other felons reveals that their rape relevant attitudes are more extreme. It is proposed that the prevailing rape myths that exist in the society at large serve the function of providing excuses and justifications for rapists.     

The influence of job familiarity and impression management on self-report measure scale scores and response latencies

Two studies were conducted to examine the effects of job familiarity and impression management on response latencies and scale scores for measures of personality and situational judgment. In a laboratory study using university students and a field study using U.S. Border Patrol Agent applicants, impression management was generally associated with faster personality item responses when job familiarity was high and with slower responses when job familiarity was low. Both impression management and job familiarity were associated with personality item responses that were more likely to lead to a job offer. The field study revealed a similar pattern of results for situational judgment scale response latencies, although only impression management was associated with item responses that were more likely to lead to a job offer. The implications for using response latencies to detect impression management on self-report measures are discussed.     

Relationships between psychoticism and a number of personality measures: a comparison between the original and revised versions of the Psychoticism scale

A correlational study was carried out using a sample of 123 secondary school students in order to assess the differences between the original and the revised version of the Psychoticism scale, regarding their relationships to a number of personality variables. Extraversion, Neuroticism, Social Desirability, Sensation Seeking, Schizotypal Personality, Borderline Personality, Susceptibility to Punishment and Impulsiveness scales were administered along with the items from the two Psychoticism scales. Both scales showed similar patterns of relationships, indicating that the revised Psychoticism scale, which has been found to improve the psychometric properties of the original Psychoticism scale, does not differ greatly from its predecessor in its relationship to other personality variables.     

Fluid insight moderates the relationship between psychoticism and crystallized intelligence

To elucidate potential relationships between personality and intelligence it is necessary to move beyond the ad hoc reporting of correlation coefficients and focus instead on testing deductions from well-established theories. To this end the present paper references Eysenck’s (1995) theoretical work linking the dimension of psychoticism to both psychosis and creative genius. Drawing on this theory it was argued that the relationship between psychoticism and crystallized ability will be conditional on the level of fluid intelligence. Participants (N = 100) completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT). Moderated multiple regression revealed a significant interaction effect. Crystallized ability (K-BIT vocabulary) was negatively related to psychoticism at low levels of fluid ability (K-BIT matrices) and positively related to psychoticism at high levels of fluid ability. These findings highlight the potential importance of psychoticism within GfGc investment theory.     

Relationship between Machiavellianism scores and performance of real estate salespersons

Data from two samples (ns=37 and 35) of real estate agents showed a significant positive correlation of .37 between Machiavellianism (Mach-B scores) and self-reported sales volume. Present findings support earlier results from samples of stockbrokers and automobile salespersons showing Mach-B scores to be positively related to sales performance.     

Relationship between scores on developing cognitive abilities test and scores on medical college admissions test for nontraditional premedical students

The relationship of students' performance on the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test (DCAT), a test of scholastic aptitude, and their subsequent performance on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) were examined for 122 nontraditional premedical students who participated in a medical educational preparatory program. A stepwise multiple regression analysis produced moderate, though significant multiple correlations among subscores on the two tests. While there were a few exceptions, for the most part all of the subscores on the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test made a significant contribution to the regression equation in the prediction of scores on MCAT subtests. Implications for the value of the Developing Cognitive Abilities Test as an admissions tool as well as providing direction for possible intervention are discussed.     

Two experiments on the relation between psychoticism and response uncertainty in normal subjects

Previous studies have suggested that schizophrenics are affected by response uncertainty to a greater degree than normals or other psychiatric groups. Two studies examined whether a similar pattern of performance would be produced in normal Ss scoring high on questionnaire measures presumed to measure psychotic predisposition. The Psychoticism (P) scales from the EPQ and the unpublished PEN Inventory were employed; and response uncertainty was varied using a card-sorting procedure. In Experiment 1 males were more affected by increases in response uncertainty than females, but there was no difference between Ss scoring high and low on the P scales. Experiment 2 included a condition in which guide-cards were randomly reordered between trials. There was a highly significant tendency for Ss scoring high on the PEN P scale to be more affected by response uncertainty in this experiment. Again males were more influenced by uncertainty than females, but this was due largely to their performance under the condition where guide-cards were varied. Ss high on EPQ P also showed decremental performance under this condition. The data provided partial support for the validity of the P scales, particularly the PEN version of the scale, as indices of schizophrenic predisposition.     

Seemingly anomalous full scale IQ scores on the WAIS-III and the WISC-III

The Canadian and American WISC-III and the American WAIS-III standardization data were used to investigate the prevalence of “seemingly anomalous” Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores for all possible Verbal and Performance sums of scale score combinations. It was found that 6% of FSIQ scores in these three samples were seemingly anomalous (i.e., fell outside of their associated VIQ/PIQ intervals). Interestingly, the anomalous FSIQ scores were more prevalent at the extremes of the FSIQ distribution, and did not occur when the VIQ/PIQ interval was greater than 12. Additionally, anomalous FSIQ scores were generally further from the center of the FSIQ distribution than were the associated VIQ and PIQ scores. Also, when the VIQ/PIQ interval contained FSIQ (the non-anomalous case), FSIQ tended to be located distally in the half-segment of the VIQ/PIQ interval furthest from the center of the FSIQ distribution. A statistical explanation for the findings is provided. Portions of this paper were presented March 3, 2000 at the 14th Annual Joseph R. Royce Research Conference, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Seemingly anomalous full scale IQ scores on the WAIS-III and the WISC-III

The Canadian and American WISC-III and the American WAIS-III standardization data were used to investigate the prevalence of “seemingly anomalous” Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores for all possible Verbal and Performance sums of scale score combinations. It was found that 6% of FSIQ scores in these three samples were seemingly anomalous (i.e., fell outside of their associated VIQ/PIQ intervals). Interestingly, the anomalous FSIQ scores were more prevalent at the extremes of the FSIQ distribution, and did not occur when the VIQ/PIQ interval was greater than 12. Additionally, anomalous FSIQ scores were generally further from the center of the FSIQ distribution than were the associated VIQ and PIQ scores. Also, when the VIQ/PIQ interval contained FSIQ (the non-anomalous case), FSIQ tended to be located distally in the half-segment of the VIQ/PIQ interval furthest from the center of the FSIQ distribution. A statistical explanation for the findings is provided. Portions of this paper were presented March 3, 2000 at the 14th Annual Joseph R. Royce Research Conference, Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta. An erratum to this article is available at .     

Attorney-client trust among convicted criminal defendants: preliminary examination of the attorney-client trust scale

The current study describes the development of the Attorney-Client Trust Scale (ACTS), a measure designed to assess a client's trust in his or her attorney. A sample of 307 male inmates completed the ACTS and provided information about their most recent case and attorney. Low ACTS scores were associated with having a court-appointed attorney, going to trial, and receiving a lengthy prison sentence. High ACTS scores were related to satisfaction with sentences and attorneys. In addition, findings suggest that perceptions about attorneys' interpersonal skills were as important as perceptions about legal skills in forming opinions about overall lawyering ability. It is recommended that attorneys employ a well rounded assortment of interpersonal skills to foster their clients' trust and to make better use of the limited amount of time they have to spend with clients.