苏非派与中国经堂教育

伊斯兰教在中国传播、发展过程中,不断吸取中国传统文化的滋养,逐渐实现了伊斯兰教的中国化。其中,经堂教育的倡兴和发展,是伊斯兰教中国化的一个关键步骤。本文肯定了早年苏非派对经堂教育的影响以及后来排斥其影响的必然性,介绍了苏非著作列为经堂读本以及经师和经生的思想言行、生活方式受苏非主义影响的情况,讨论了中国伊斯兰教中一度出现的教争现象,探讨了苏非著作作者的道统（或教团归属）,进而得出伊斯兰教中国化的几个初步的结论。     

四卡问题的内容促进效应的实验研究

本研究设计了２种抽象材料和４种具体材料的四卡问题,对４３６名大学生进行测试,以考察被试解决四卡问题时所采用的思维方式并检验命题内容对推理的影响。结果表明,四卡问题十分困难,具体内容的四卡问题并不能产生促进效应,大学生的推理表现出“匹配偏向”的特点。     

母语句法结构对中国学生英语语句理解的影响

中国学生的英语学习受到汉语的影响,尽管这种影响随着学生英语提高而渐趋减小,但当学生的英语达到相当高水平时仍可较明显地观察到。通过实验证明：中国英语专业二年级学生在英语学习中仍受到汉语一定程度的影响,而且在词序方面尤为明显。这种影响的存在表明在中国的英语教学和学习中应给予母语因素以足够的重视。     

RECONSIDERING THE MARGINS

Thousands of testimonies were collected in the immediate post-war period from child survivors of the Holocaust. These testimonies tell us much about the children's Holocaust experience and about society's attitude to child survivors. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of two such testimonies on the backdrop of historical research of their setting and context. Through our analysis of two children's testimonies given in the Aschau DP Children's Camp, we demonstrate that it is crucial to explore the immediate context in which testimonies were given, because of its strong influence upon their content and structure. In fact, our research shows that the contemporary context enters into the very fabric of the testimonies. No analysis, therefore, is complete without an inquiry into this crucial aspect. The two testimonies were chosen because they make up a distinct subgroup within a larger collection of testimonies that were given concurrently and, therefore, they constitute each other's immediate context. This paper also demonstrates the indispensability of a multidisciplinary analysis that draws upon elements from the fields of historical, literary and linguistic scholarship.     

学习方式对关系类别间接性学习的影响

以96名大学生为被试,以4特征虚拟外星生物为实验材料,通过类别的间接性学习,探讨学习方式对关系类别间接性学习的影响,结果发现：类别的间接性学习条件下,限定分类任务中,被试更倾向于选择关系作为类标准;参照条件下被试限定分类结果与标准的关系类别的分类结果的杰卡德相似性显著高于个人条件;被试分类结果的简单关系类别的杰卡德相似性显著高于复杂关系类别的杰卡德相似性,4特征关系类别的间接性学习中存在单一性效应。     

皮亚杰理论近期的若干发展──差别观点的贡献

皮亚杰认知发展理论的一个新趋势是从智力发展的认识论过渡到智力发展的心理学,差别心理学的近期实验研究为这一过渡提供了方法。后皮亚杰学派理论对差别心理的强调在教育学和临床心理学中有着重要意义。     

THE EXTERNAL OBSERVER AND THE LENS OF THE PATIENT-ANALYST MATCH

A focus on the match between patient and analyst places attention on the dynamic effect of the interaction of character and conflict of both participants on the process that evolves between them. Match is neither a predictive nor static concept. Rather it refers to an unfolding transaction that itself shifts and changes during the course of analytic work. The treating analyst's perception of the effect of this match is by necessity limited by the analyst's own blind spots and other countertransference phenomena. Reporting the analyst's clinical experience to an analytically trained observer, external to the dyad, may broaden the analyst's perspective. Using the lens of the match, a colleague in the role of supervisor, consultant or peer can provide feedback from which the analyst may acquire insight. As a result of this process, the influence that the participants' similarities and differences have upon each other becomes clear to the analyst. This awareness, in turn, may lead the analyst to appreciate the effect of the analyst's stance of distance or closeness and to evaluate whether at this phase of treatment it is beneficial or detrimental to the analytic process. Clinical illustrations of the effect of the external observer's feedback in relation to the patient—analyst match are provided.     

Going against the grain: supporting lesbian, gay and bisexual clients as they 'come out'

It has been acknowledged in principle that those who provide counselling or support should respect differences and the diversity inherent within any society or culture. In this article we focus upon sexual orientation as a resource: a means by which it is possible to expand upon skills and understand the experiences of those who have embarked upon alternative trajectories of sexual development. We consider the process of development from the perspective of the 'everyday' and, based upon interviews with 16 lesbians and gay men, explore the process of identity formation and the role of those professionals and volunteers who provide support during this transitional period in a person's life. We suggest that it is important for those providing counselling or support to an individual who is lesbian, gay or bisexual to understand the role of context and social influence in their personal and interpersonal development. We suggest that working with lesbian, gay and bisexual clients can provide the practitioner with insights and opportunities to further expand their supportive skills through an exploration of what it means to grow up as a member of a minority group.     

Sports competition and its influence on self-esteem development

Competition and its influence upon the adolescent is the primary concern of many recreational agencies. In the past ten years, many youth agencies have de-emphasized competition in their programs because of its negative influence upon self-esteem. There is a need to examine the relationship between competition and self-esteem so that recreational programs can be better designed to utilize competition as a positive factor. A study was undertaken to examine self-esteem in relation to competition in a basketball program. It was found that the coach's assessments of ability and intention of participation are important factors in positive self-esteem development. The social aspects of peer interaction and parent influence also contribute to positive self-esteem. These are minor elements, however, in comparison to the impact of the coach. There needs to be intensive training for coaches on how to develop positive self-esteem and how to deal with the range of participation styles.     

THE TREATMENT OF WOMEN WITHIN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: AN INQUIRY INTO THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Two studies considered the possible impact of the feminist movement upon criminal justice decisions relating to women. One body of data confirmed a trend away from indiscriminate leniency in the punishment of female criminals during the women's movement. Courtroom and parole board decisions determining length of imprisonment showed an improving alignment of punishment and criminal circumstances for women and men. The second set of data disclosed that an increased seriousness was accorded to the crime of rape as feminism became more influential. Rape, as a violation of the woman's right to bodily self-determination, was punished more harshly during the period of greater feminist influence, a fact that was not true of other male violent crimes. The women's movement appears to have brought about a more realistic balance of female and male responsibilities before the law as well as a greater respect for women's sexual rights.     

KAUFMAN'S DEBT TO KANT: THE EPISTEMOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE “STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD WHICH ENVIRONS US”

Gordon Kaufman's “constructive theology” can easily be taken out of context and misunderstood or misrepresented as a denial of God. It is too easily overlooked that in his approach everything is an imaginary construct given no immediate ontological status—the self, the world, and God are “products of the imagination.” This reflects an influence, not only of theories on linguistic and cultural relativism, but also of Kant's “ideas of pure reason.” Kaufman is explicit about this debt to Kant. But I argue there are other aspects of Kant's legacy implicit in his method. These center around Kaufman's engagement with “observed patterns” in nature. With Paul Tillich's aid, I bring this neglected issue to the fore and argue that addressing it allows one to more readily capitalize upon the Kantian influence in Kaufman's method. This, in turn, encourages one to tap more deeply into the epistemic underpinnings of Kaufman's approach to the science–religion dialogue.     

试论壮医药的哲学基础

壮医药有深厚的传统哲学基础,壮医药在漫长的发展历程中广泛吸收了壮族先民的哲学思想,凝聚着壮族先民的智慧。壮族传统哲学对壮医药的影响,有朴素的唯物自然观、辩证发展观以及关怀互助的医疗价值取向等积极影响,也有客观唯心、经验积累占较大比重、小农经济思想等非积极因素。     

THE ART OF RETRIEVAL: Stoicism?

This essay argues that retrieving insights from the ancient Stoic philosophers for Christian ethics is much more difficult than is often assumed and, further, that the “ethics of retrieval” is itself something worth prolonged reflection. The central problem is that in their ancient sense both Christianity and Stoicism are practically dense patterns of reasoning and mutually incompatible forms of life. Coming to see this clearly requires the realization that the encounter between Stoicism and Christianity is a conflict of lived traditions. Precisely because we cannot simply extract Stoic insights from the lives in which they belong, the task of determining how Stoicism is useful for Christianity is exceptionally challenging. Indeed, doing justice to the Stoics has more to do with facing an alternative to Christianity than it does with appropriating insights for our own use. These points are developed in conversation with Elizabeth Agnew Cochran's recent article on the Stoic influence upon Jonathan Edwards.     

Aesthetic sports as high-risk contexts for eating disorders--young elite dancers and gymnasts perspectives

This is the first study developed in Portugal which investigates specific characteristics of dance and gymnastics environments that make them high-risk contexts for the development of eating disorders. Four focus groups were conducted with thirteen ballet students from a professional dance school and nine gymnasts from a gymnastics club (aged 12 to 17 years old), which were subjected to an inductive-deductive analysis procedure. Specific risk and protective factors were identified. Among their respective sources of influence, teachers and coaches are those who exert a stronger influence upon young athletes. We also explored some themes related to the influence of peers, parents, and environmental characteristics, which could have an important role on the development or prevention of disordered eating.     

A REVIEW OF QUALITY CIRCLE EFFICACY AND THE EXISTENCE OF POSITIVE-FINDINGS BIAS

Literature on the impact of the quality circle process upon both individual and organizational outcomes was reviewed and, on average, demonstrated the intervention's effectiveness. In addition, two moderating factors were identified and their influence reported. Finally, the potential for a positive-findings bias was investigated, with no significant positive-findings bias found. It is suggested that this bias may be an artifact resulting from the inclusion of "popular-press" articles with research-oriented studies. The implications of this finding and the existence of other threats to quality circle efficacy are discussed.     

KLEIN,FERENCZI AND THE CLINICAL DIARY

The aim of this article is to revisit Ferenczi’s Clinical Diary (1932) to investigate the influence he had on Melanie Klein’s work. It starts from the position that insufficient recognition has been given to Ferenczi’s contribution to Klein’s body of work and her professional development. Her analysis with Ferenczi lasted 5 years, a relatively long analysis for the period. It explores his influence in three specific areas: the importance of raw and early emotion in the maternal bond, the importance of freedom and authenticity in the analytic relationship, and finally the use of transference and countertransference feelings. Ferenczi’s ill-fated experiment with mutual analysis will be discussed as it opened up a route to explore the analytic relationship, with important consequences for the future development of psychoanalysis.     

儿童实用创造力发展及其与家庭环境的关系

以中小学生（9岁至16岁）为研究对象,采用实用创造性测验任务,探查了儿童创造力的发展以及家庭环境因素对于创造力的影响,并得到如下的结论：（1）儿童的创造力随年龄发展逐渐提高,但创造力新颖性、流畅性和变通性三个维度的发展并不均衡,流畅性和变通性在9至11岁期间比其他年龄阶段发展得更快;（2）家庭环境对于儿童的创造力有直接影响也有间接影响,其中间接影响是通过影响创造性态度而得以实现的。     

音乐与个体发展

人类对音乐的感知体验起始于生命早期。近年来认知神经科学领域的研究表明, 音乐对个体发展具有深远的影响。在大脑发育的过程中, 音乐经验主要调节大脑加工信息的方式, 同时会影响语言、空间、以及运动能力的发展。本文回顾了近年来研究者们在音乐认知领域的新发现, 重点关注于音乐对脑发育的影响。     

ECCLESIAL EXISTENCE: PERSON AND COMMUNITY IN THE TRINITARIAN ANTHROPOLOGY OF ADRIENNE VON SPEYR

Best known for her extraordinary influence upon Hans Urs von Balthasar, Adrienne von Speyr is perhaps overshadowed by the same. Here is an effort to expose her profound mystical insights concerning the specifically Trinitarian dimension of anthropology. Of key significance is the concept of surrender, whereby the human person participates in the fundamental disposition of Christ, whose self-gift is revealed as obedient receptivity vis-à-vis the Father and loving generosity vis-à-vis the world. This in turn is revelatory of the eternal surrender of each divine Person to the Others in a continuous exchange of love. The human person thus participates in divine life by the means that characterize it: love of God and neighbor.