国家公务员结构化面试中评委偏差的IRT分析

使用项目反应理论(IRT)中的多面Rasch模型,对两组共12名评委在国家公务员结构化面试中的评委偏差进行了分析。提出并验证了两种评委偏差：评委之间在宽严程度上的差异和评委自身的一致性问题。结果发现：不同评委之间在宽严程度上差异显著,且不同评委评定行为的跨考生、跨维度、跨性别、跨时间的自身一致性也存在差异。研究表明,这种进入到评委个体层次的分析突破了经典测量理论(CTT)定位于评委群体进行分析的局限,针对每位评委的偏差行为提供了详细具体的诊断信息,从而为评委的针对性培训和评委库的建立提供了现代测量学的新方法     

领导干部结构化面试信度的多元概括化理论分析

本研究尝试运用多元概括化理论对北京市某区副处级干部准入资格结构化面试测评数据进行测量信度分析,为提高领导干部考试与测评工作科学化水平提供了有益的实证依据。主要结论有:(1)本次结构化面试难度适中,区分度较高;(2)各测评要素及合成分数的类信度系数均较高,合成分数的测量信度高于单个测评要素的测量信度;(3)各测评要素及合成分数的类信度系数随着考官数量的增加而增加,且从确保信度和降低成本考虑,考官数量以5-9位为宜;(4)在这次面试测评中,各项测评要素间的相关系数较高,这为目前在选拔面试中将各项测评要素得分进行合成提供了依据,说明用合成分数计算总分具有一定的合理性。     

多面Rasch模型理论及其在结构化面试中的应用

针对影响面试效度的各种误差来源,该文引入了一种新颖的面试结果处理方法：多面Rasch模型。这一模型在结构化面试中的应用不但有利于有效测量被试的能力水平,而且为识别问题评委、进一步完善评分规则、实现面试等值等问题都提供了全新的解决思路。文章在对结构化面试信、效度研究进展进行综述的基础上,介绍了多面Rasch模型的理论及其在结构化面试中的应用框架。     

结构化面试中的评分一致性问题初探

面试由于其直观、灵活的方式及良好的效度而被广泛应用于各类组织机构的人员招聘与录用中。但在多个评分员对一个应试者的面试中 ,评分员间的评分一致性问题是一个关键问题。本文以中央国家机关某部二组评分员对应试者的评分为研究对象 ,对国家公务员录用考试结构化面试中的评分员评分一致性问题进行了初步的探讨与分析。得到的结论如下 :1 .从总体上看 ,两组评分员的成员间在对应聘同一职位的不同应试者的评分在评分标准上是基本一致的 ;2 .不同的评分维度 (测评要素 )对评分员的评分一致性有不同的影响 ;3 .应试者在面试时的表现也会影响评分员的评分一致性 ;4.评分员有关面试的知识和经验水平对评分一致性也有重要的影响。     

基于胜任特征的结构化面试初探

基于胜任特征的结构化面试是对传统结构化面试的优化,有很高的信度和效度。本文从基于胜任特征的结构化面试的内涵、特点、程序以及实施过程中需要注意的问题几个方面进行了深入探讨,对于改善结构化面试的测评功能和深化胜任特征的应用有一定价值。     

中层管理人员结构化面试测评效度的现场研究

通过对某上市公司随机抽取的43位中层管理人员素质测评的现场研究,探讨结构化面试的信度效度问题。研究设计基于岗位分析与关键事件分析,采用3人小组面试的方法,同时实施情景面试与行为描述面试,综合测评被试岗位胜任能力。分析结果表明,评委要素评价内部一致性和评委间内部一致性都比较高,并与面试半年后上级评定的任务绩效和总体绩效显著相关,结构化面试具有较高的信度与预测效度。进一步比较情景面试和行为描述面试发现,这两种结构化面试有类似的信度,但是行为描述面试具有更高的效度。     

结构化面试预测效度的贡献成分分析

以情境面试和行为面试为主要形式的结构化面试,被广泛证明能够预测员工绩效,但其构念效度一直没被清晰地证明.面试的结构性、应聘者印象管理行为、动机、认知能力和人格特征等成分对结构化面试的预测效度都有积极贡献,这种对结构化面试预测效度贡献成分的分析有助于认清结构化面试的构念效度.未来的研究需关注结构化面试构念是否以人际技能为主,以及人际技能、动机、认知能力各自所占比重.     

多元概化理论在结构化面试中的应用研究

使用多元概化理论对由7名评委和34名考生组成的结构化面试数据进行了分析.结果表明:1.面试设置的5个维度中,仪表举止维度与其它4个维度之间的协方差相对较小;2.各个维度的概化系数都在0.69以上,其中,概化系数最小的是仪表举止维度,最大的是口语表达维度;3.通过增加评委人数可以提高面试信度,但增幅递减.     

多面Rasch模型在结构化面试中的应用

使用项目反应理论中的多面Rasch模型,对66名考生在结构化面试中的成绩进行分析,剔除了由于评委等具体测量情境因素引入的误差对原始分数的影响,得到考生的能力估计值以及个体水平的评分者一致性信息。对基于考生能力估计值和考生面试分得到的决策结果进行比较,发现测量误差的确对决策造成影响,对个别考生的影响甚至相当巨大。进一步使用Facets偏差分析以及评委宽严程度的Facets分析追踪误差源。结果表明,将来自不同面试组的被试进行面试原始成绩的直接比较,评委的自身一致性和评委彼此之间在宽严程度上的差异均将导致误差。研究表明,采用Facets的考生能力估计值作为决策的依据将提高选拔的有效性。同时,Facets分析得到的考生个体层次的评分者一致性指标,以及评委与考生的偏差分析等研究结果还可以为面试误差来源的定位提供详细的诊断信息     

结构化面试中面试官的评分及影响因素

结构化面试是人事选拔中采用的主要评价方法之一。解释结构化面试过程中面试官和应聘者行为反应的理论观点有社会互动理论、拟剧论、行为一致性观点、特质激活理论等。一个完整的结构化面试可以划分为关系建立、题目问答和分数评定三个阶段。在结构化面试中, 面试官的行为从观察、获取、分析、回应应聘者的各种表现信息, 形成初始印象, 到参照面试评分标准评分等, 经历了一系列相互影响的心理过程。影响面试官评分的主要因素包括面试设计因素和考官自身等内部因素, 以及应聘者因素、面试环境因素等外部因素两个方面。结合应聘者反应, 探索面试官评分的心理机制是今后结构化面试研究的突破点。     

Prospect Theory in Political Science: Gains and Losses From the First Decade

Prospect theory offers a number of advantages that justify its use in the analysis of political behavior, but it also has some aspects that limit its wider applicability in political contexts. This article reviews recent research highlighting these successes and limitations. Future research on the incorporation of prospect theory into models of political behavior should focus on such areas as group decision-making, reference point specification, and emotion.     

应聘者非言语信息对面试官评分的影响:解释、测量和控制

应聘者非言语信息是影响结构化面试中面试官准确评分的一个重要因素。社会互动理论和拟剧论从面试官角度,社会影响理论和相互依赖理论从应聘者角度分别解释了非言语信息对面试官评分的影响。对非言语信息的测量,除了传统的自陈式问卷,一些新兴的计算机识别技术也被使用。为了消除非言语信息对面试评分准确性的影响,通常会从面试前、面试中和面试后三个阶段对其进行控制。未来可以基于机器学习和大数据分析,探索非言语信息对结构化面试评分的影响,建构新的理论以解释影响过程。     

Framing and the Role of the Second Actor: An Application of Prospect Theory to Bargaining

An actor's frame of reference significantly affects that actor's risk attitude. Although the frame of reference is often taken as a given, earlier work shows it to be the result of an actor's assumptions and beliefs, which can be manipulated by a second actor in a bargaining situation. As modeled here, confidence in selected assumptions can be manipulated by one of two means: changing the confidence of the actor about the future domain, and getting the actor to adopt a particular domain by discounting the utility of a course of action. Both methods force a change in the perceived domain and a shift in risk attitude. In addition to showing manipulation of an actor's frame, the model adds to our understanding of Kahneman and Tversky's original expression of prospect theory.     

基于GT和多面Rasch模型的结构化面试分析

该研究应用GT和多面Rasch模型对结构化面试数据进行分析,并提出一些建议针对某辅导员招聘面试数据,运用GT从宏观上分析应聘者、考官和项目所带来的总体误差大小,在此基础上,运用多面Rasch模型从微观上进一步探查考官严厉度、应聘者能力差异、项目难易度及侧面偏差．结果表明：1）GT分析表明应聘者产生的变异较大（90．65％）,说明面试可靠性较高,且当考官数为2时可靠性已较好.2）多面Rasch模型分析出了各侧面效应中的非拟合因素及交互效应中的偏差因素,表明面试误差主要来自考官间严厉度的差异及其自身一致性的不稳定。将GT与多面Rasch模型相结合分析面试数据不仅能测查出评价过程各方面的问题因素,并能更好地作整体把握。     

Support and Nonsupport for Nationalist Rebellion: A Prospect Theory Approach

Prospect theory has been advanced as one way to link intentional rebellious action and the influence of social conditions on individual decisions to support such action. This study extends the application of prospect theory by explaining tendencies toward action or inaction among individuals within identical social contexts. Put simply, the way in which people define reference points has an effect on how they perceive violent options. These perceptions may invoke inaction biases among members of a constituent community. This explanation is explored with illustrative examples drawn from interviews with individuals who supported or did not support rebellious action in Northern Ireland (in 1998) and in the West Bank and Gaza Strip (in 1999). The interview data suggest that territorial demands are an important factor in how rebellious options are perceived.     

The Implications of Prospect Theory for Human Nature and Values

Central to prospect theory are far-reaching claims about what people fear and what gratifies them. Subjective well-being is a topic that social science has been reluctant to discuss in recent years, but it is central to much of our lives. A loss inflicts more harm than a comparable gain produces pleasure; this fact and the related endowment effect are important parts of our psychological makeup. The importance of change rather than absolute value position, and the related significance of the reference point and how it can be altered, can be seen as integral to human nature.     

Model Building With Prospect Theory: A Cognitive Approach to International Relations

Despite the growing call for new models of politics grounded in the capacities of real–world decision–makers, much international relations theory still incorporates rationalist assumptions. Scholars defend such assumptions as the best way to produce parsimonious theoretical structures. Recent attempts to deploy prospect theory in the study of international politics are consistent with the call for empirically grounded models of political behavior. However, past attempts have often emphasized individualized comparisons of prospect theory with rational choice at the expense of building deductive theory. The analysis here demonstrates that prospect theory can produce deductive models for empirical comparison with those already manufactured under rational choice. The result is a new set of propositions concerning international politics securely anchored to the actual capacities of human actors.     

The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion

International relations theorists have tried to adapt prospect theory to make it relevant to the study of real-world decision-making and testable beyond the constraints of the laboratory. Three experiments with undergraduate samples were conducted in an effort to clarify the advantages and limitations of prospect theory as adapted to explain political behavior. The first experiment tested hypotheses regarding the impact of prospect framing on group polarization, but these were only weakly supported. The second and third experiments examined alternative adaptations of the concept of framing; the results suggest that the political science expansion of the concept of framing may, under certain conditions, produce clear and robust preference reversals.