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1.
陈幼贞  张曼曼  林秋蓉 《心理学报》2022,54(12):1491-1502
通过两个实验探讨认知负荷对小学数学学业不良生前瞻记忆及其成分的影响,以及是否可以通过执行意向编码提高其前瞻记忆及其成分的成绩。实验1结果显示数学学业不良生前瞻记忆、前瞻成分及回溯成分正确率显著低于数学学优生,高认知负荷条件前瞻记忆、前瞻成分及回溯成分的正确率显著低于低认知负荷条件;实验2结果显示执行意向编码条件下,数学学业不良生前瞻记忆成绩显著好于标准编码条件,前瞻成分和回溯成分的正确率高于标准编码条件。结果表明数学学业不良生前瞻记忆及其成分表现差于数学学优生;无论认知负荷高低,执行意向编码均可通过提升前瞻成分和回溯成分改善数学学业不良生前瞻记忆表现。  相似文献   

2.
陈思佚  周仁来 《心理学报》2010,42(6):640-650
关注事件性前瞻记忆的年老化,采用基于双重任务的实验室研究范式,实验一控制线索与意向的关联性和线索的显著性操纵概念驱动加工和数据驱动加工过程,比较前瞻记忆的前瞻成分和回溯成分的年老化影响;实验二检验前瞻成分在前瞻记忆年老化中的作用。结果显示,线索与意向的关联性和线索与背景的区别性作为概念驱动加工和数据驱动加工的重要表现形式可以显著地促进老年人的前瞻记忆水平,前瞻记忆年老化主要存在于前瞻记忆的前瞻成分;前瞻成分较高的注意资源需求导致前瞻记忆的年龄差异主要受任务的认知需求水平所影响,当前瞻记忆是相对自动加工时,年龄差异小;当任务需要较多的控制加工时,年龄差异相对较大。本研究进一步揭示了导致前瞻记忆年龄差异的原因。  相似文献   

3.
采用基于双重任务的研究范式,操纵线索与意向的关联性、分心水平以及线索区别性,考察了前瞻记忆的前瞻成分和回溯成分在基于事件的前瞻记忆中的作用。结果表明:(1)靶线索与意向关联性对前瞻记忆的回溯成分有显著影响,靶线索与意向高关联时,意向提取过程符合自动加工;靶线索与意向低关联时,意向提取过程符合策略加工。(2)靶线索的区别性对前瞻记忆的前瞻成分有显著影响,靶线索区别性特征显著提高对线索的识别水平,符合自动加工,当靶线索特征不显著时需要策略加工。  相似文献   

4.
前瞻性记忆是指对将要进行的活动或事件的记忆。前瞻记忆中,包含了前瞻成分和回溯成分。前人研究中,缺乏对前瞻成分和回溯成分有效的分离手段,使得对前瞻记忆机制的探讨缺乏深入挖掘。本文将MPT模型与Cohen等人的研究范式对比,分析了该模型在事件性前瞻记忆研究中的优势。文章对模型的理论基础,模型的主要内容,模型的数据计算方法,模型的效度以及模型的应用等几个方面进行了介绍,同时对模型使用中需要注意的问题进行了讨论。  相似文献   

5.
采用双任务范式,探讨了加工焦点性和进行中任务负荷对不同认知方式大学生前瞻记忆的影响。包括两个实验:实验一探讨进行中任务与前瞻记忆任务加工的焦点性和加工类型的一致性对不同认知方式大学生前瞻记忆的影响;实验二探讨进行中任务负荷对不同认知方式大学生在在焦点加工和非焦点加工条件下前瞻记忆的影响。结果显示:焦点加工条件下的前瞻记忆成绩高于非焦点加工,且不受进行中任务负荷的影响;不管进行中任务与前瞻记忆任务的加工类型是否一致,在进行中任务负荷较高且非焦点加工条件下,场独立大学生的前瞻记忆成绩高于场依存大学生。本研究结果支持多重加工理论。  相似文献   

6.
前瞻记忆和认知控制是人类认知能力的重要组成部分。Bugg等人(2013)发现前瞻记忆多重加工模型和双重认知控制理论具有共性。此后,越来越多的研究者关注认知控制在意图执行中和执行完成后的作用。本文对近年来关于前瞻记忆与认知控制的研究进行了梳理,发现认知控制对前瞻记忆的完成起支持作用,但二者也在脑机制层面存在差异。本研究能为未来更深入地探讨前瞻记忆的加工机制及生理基础提供新的视角。  相似文献   

7.
操作前瞻记忆任务的重要性的方式有两种,研究发现相对重要性会造成进行中任务的损耗,而绝对重要性的研究较少且结果不尽一致,这种差异可能与进行中任务占用认知资源的情况有关。我们使用绝对重要性的指导语来操纵前瞻记忆任务的重要性高或者低,并且以Stroop任务作为进行中任务,来考察绝对重要性和认知资源占用的交互影响。结果发现,在进行中任务一致条件下,绝对重要性的增高促进了进行中任务的完成;而不一致条件下,则会阻碍进行中任务的完成。这说明,进行中任务的认知资源变化与前瞻记忆任务重要性对进行中任务的影响有着交互调节作用。  相似文献   

8.
本研究旨在探究不同执行意向编码形式对前瞻记忆加工机制的影响是否存在差异。结果显示在低认知负荷下,混合编码效果最好,仅执行意向编码次之,标准编码效果最差,而在高认知负荷下三种编码效果无差异。眼动指标显示在低认知负荷下混合编码的注视点数量最多,总注视时间最长;在混合编码条件下进行中任务和前瞻记忆任务的总注视时间均长于仅执行意向编码和标准编码。结果说明,执行意向编码容易受认知负荷的影响;在低认知负荷下混合编码的被试对任务刺激进行更多的监控和加工,而仅执行意向编码促进前瞻记忆任务的自动化加工。  相似文献   

9.
考察表象编码方式对错误记忆的影响。结果发现,与整合表象编码比,个别表象编码能够促进项目的特异性加工,使项目更有区分性,阻止(或减弱)诱饵词的内隐表象激活,有利于个体获取表象的激活路径,减少错误记忆发生,说明表象编码方式对错误记忆具有重要影响。根据研究结果提出表象激活混淆假设,认为个体虽然可以使用表象作为信息表征方式,却无法直接获取与之联系的激活路径。当个体推测表象激活的来源时,容易混淆表象激活的来源,错误记忆就发生了。表象激活混淆假设为视觉表象引发错误记忆的心理机制提供了说明。  相似文献   

10.
认知方式与线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响   总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8       下载免费PDF全文
采用实验室研究范式,以汉语双字词为实验材料,探讨了场依存性认知方式、任务类型和线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响。研究结果表明:(1)场独立者的前瞻记忆成绩显著高于场依存者,而回溯记忆成绩没有明显差异;(2)基于事件的前瞻记忆成绩要明显好于基于时间的前瞻记忆成绩。(3)低熟悉性靶线索和与背景有区别的靶线索能促进前瞻记忆的完成,靶线索熟悉性和区别性之间存在非常明显的交互作用。  相似文献   

11.
朱磊  孙里宁 《心理科学》2004,27(5):1124-1126
本研究采用单因素实验设计,以30名大学生为被试,基于双重任务范式,考察了前瞻任务为材料驱动的情况下,前瞻记忆语音、字形适当迁移加工(transfer—appropriate processing,TAP)效应。结果发现:TAP效应对前瞻记忆的辨别力指标和传递效率的影响达到了显著性水平,而对于前瞻记忆判断标准的影响未达到显著水平。  相似文献   

12.
Recent discoveries in the field of prospective memory (PM) show higher accuracy for remembering intentions in which prospective cue and action are strongly associated. In two experiments presented in this paper, participants encoded both high and low association cue–action pairs and were later tested on both prospective and retrospective PM components. Results of both studies show higher PM accuracy for the low association pairs, compared to high association ones, but only for the prospective component (across both Experiments) and only when a high association cue was presented first (Experiment 2). This finding was accompanied by longer study times for the low association pairs and study times were functionally related to later performance (across both Experiments). In the retrospective component, higher accuracy was observed for pairs with high level of association (but only in the first Experiment). Data are discussed in the context of metacognitive processes possibly related to the encoding of an intention as well as cue monitoring in case of PM tasks with high memory load and varying task difficulty.  相似文献   

13.
    
Individuals affected by psychosis often have deficits in several neurocognitive functions. Prospective memory (PM), the ability to remember to do things, is crucial for activities of daily living, social and occupational functioning, but very few studies have attempted to examine this domain of functioning in people with psychosis, particularly in India. A total of 71 patients with psychosis, (both early and established psychosis), and 140 age, gender and education-matched healthy controls were assessed using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination. PM was assessed using the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test and the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire (PRMQ). Group differences were evaluated using Mann–Whitney U-tests. Significantly greater cognitive deficits, higher anxiety and depression were evident in the psychosis group compared with controls. The psychosis group performed significantly poorer on both time- and event-based tests in CAMPROMPT than controls. These differences remained when controlling for age, education, general cognitive functioning and mood. The subjective measure of PM (PRMQ) did not differentiate the two groups. The PM performance of early and established psychosis patients was similar. Comparisons with cross-cultural data (PRMQ UK norms and CAMPROMPT and PRMQ Chinese data) revealed important differences in PM performance. Individuals with psychosis have significant deficits in both time- and event-based PM. CAMPROMPT emerged as a more sensitive PM measure compared with PRMQ. Results from cross-cultural comparisons underscore the need for cultural contextualization of assessments.  相似文献   

14.
Older adults commonly experience declines in episodic memory that affect their daily lives. The aim was to examine whether the acquired metacognitive awareness that comes with task experience, indexed by meta-retrospective memory (meta-RM)/meta-prospective memory (meta-PM), influences how older adults predict performance on later trials. Participants were 178 community-dwelling older adults. RM performance and predictions were measured using a multi-trial word-list learning task. Predictions and performance for PM were measured using a PM paradigm. Change in RM/PM performance and predictions over the trials/blocks were modelled using latent growth curve analyses. For RM, both predictions and performance increased with task experience. However, for PM, neither performance nor predictions changed with task experience. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that metacognitive awareness acquired during the RM and PM tasks influenced how older adults’ modified their predictions of subsequent task performance. Findings are consistent with [Toglia and Kirk’s (2000). Understanding awareness deficits following brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 15(1), 57–70] hypothesis that individuals compare ongoing performance to expectations based on metacognitive knowledge, such that a discrepancy between actual and expected performance may influence emergent awareness.  相似文献   

15.
前瞻记忆的自评和延时特点   总被引:7,自引:2,他引:7       下载免费PDF全文
前瞻记忆的自评和延时研究目前由于实验任务的不同结果差异很大。该文采用由前瞻记忆自我评价题目构成的并且包含前瞻记忆任务的测验材料,探索了前瞻记忆研究的一种新方法,研究了可能影响前瞻记忆的几个因素。结果发现,0延时与其它延时(7min,17min,27min,57min)均有显著差异,其它各延时之间没有显著差异,年龄对前瞻记忆和前瞻记忆自我评价均有显著影响,前瞻记忆与性别、人格、智力、回溯记忆没有显著相关。  相似文献   

16.
    
The present study aimed to compare the impact of the aging process on event‐, time‐, and activity‐based prospective memory (PM) and to explore the aging patterns of PM‐related cognitive functions. Seventy‐five participants were recruited and divided into three age groups: young (20–24 years old), young‐old (60–70 years old), and older‐old (greater than 70 years old). A computerized PM test and a set of tests capturing executive functions, retrospective memory, and working memory were administered to all participants. Significant age effects were only found for event‐based PM and time‐based PM. However, event‐based PM was noted to decline gradually, whereas time‐based PM was noted to deteriorate abruptly with age. For older, but not young participants, performance on the time‐based PM tasks was significantly improved under a more lenient scoring criterion which had an increased response time window. Measures of executive functions and retrospective memory were significantly associated with PM, but these relations disappeared after controlling for age and education. Working memory was found to be the most important contributor to the effect of age on PM. These findings suggest a differential aging process for event‐, time‐, and activity‐based PM.  相似文献   

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