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效度概化:预测效度元分析的30年成果述评 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
效度概化是通过元分析技术对普遍化的预测效度的估计。元分析是研究效度概化问题的技术,是对具有“预测因子-效标”特征的相关数据进行定量综合的方法。效度概化促进了预测因子与效标之间关系的理论研究和应用研究,是应用心理学领域近30年(1977~2007)来最重要的进展之一。30年来的效度概化研究表明,认知能力测验、知识和技能测验、人格测验、结构化面试和评价中心技术等的预测效度具有鲁棒性、对应性和联合增值性 相似文献
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前额叶(Prefrontal lobule)是哺乳类动物大脑额叶前端的皮层区,位于运动前区的前方,包括额叶眼区在内的新皮层区,它属于大脑皮层联合区。人类的前额叶最发达,超过了整个皮层的1/4。灵长类动物的前额叶也相当发达,例如,猕猴的前额区占据了大脑嘴侧部到弓状沟之间的区域以及整个眶底面。在灵长类动物前额叶皮层以显著的第Ⅳ层颗粒层为特征,因此,灵长类前额叶皮层也称为“额叶颗粒皮层”。大量研究证明,前额叶与感觉的产生和肌肉运动的发生没有直接关系,而在脑的高级功能中起着重要作用。 相似文献
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皮层功能的正常发展依赖于充分的外部感觉信息的输入。先天性听力障碍群体由于经历早期听觉剥夺, 皮层功能往往出现异常。具体表现为初级听皮层功能退化, 初级、次级听皮层的功能连接变弱, 次级听皮层出现跨通道功能重组; 在后天听力重建后听皮层功能重组仍然存在, 言语加工需要更多高级认知资源的补偿。已有研究在探讨听力重建后皮层的长期可塑性机制、复杂声学环境下言语加工机制、汉语言加工独特性等方面尚不深入, 值得进一步研究。 相似文献
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老年人错误记忆的增加与内侧颞叶、前额叶皮层的功能下降以及二者之间功能性联结减少有关。这些功能下降导致编码阶段信息联结不足或过度联结、编码及提取阶段依赖语义要点信息、提取监控障碍及记忆判断过度依赖熟悉性。未来研究应当关注不同类型错误记忆年老化的形成机制、内侧颞叶及前额叶皮层的特定分区对错误记忆年老化的影响、信息编码及提取对错误记忆年老化的独立作用,以及测试环境与文化对错误记忆年老化的影响等问题。 相似文献
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Distress tolerance (DT) and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) have been identified as transdiagnostic processes that predict symptom severity across a range of distinct anxiety disorders. However, the joint effect of these two variables on therapeutic outcome has not yet been examined. It is possible that DT and IU may both impact on treatment response to cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in clients with anxiety, as clients with weak DT and strong IU may be less likely to engage in exposure and cognitive restructuring tasks across treatment due to their associated distress. The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of DT and IU as predictors of post-treatment symptom severity and treatment response to group CBT in participants with primary DSM-IV-TR diagnosed social anxiety disorder (SAD). Participants (N = 95) with SAD completed 12 weeks of manualized group CBT. Results of multilevel longitudinal analysis demonstrated an interaction effect, such that lower DT and higher IU predicted higher SAD symptom severity across the course of therapy. The findings are discussed in terms of clinical implications for the disorder-specific and transdiagnostic treatment of anxiety disorders. 相似文献
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Boden MT John OP Goldin PR Werner K Heimberg RG Gross JJ 《Behaviour research and therapy》2012,50(5):287-291
Beliefs that are negatively biased, inaccurate, and rigid are thought to play a key role in the mood and anxiety disorders. Our goal in this study was to examine whether a change in maladaptive beliefs mediated the outcome of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD). In a sample of 47 individuals with SAD receiving CBT, we measured maladaptive interpersonal beliefs as well as emotional and behavioral components of social anxiety, both at baseline and after treatment completion. We found that (a) maladaptive interpersonal beliefs were associated with social anxiety at baseline and treatment completion; (b) maladaptive interpersonal beliefs were significantly reduced from baseline to treatment completion; and (c) treatment-related reductions in maladaptive interpersonal beliefs fully accounted for reductions in social anxiety after CBT. These results extend the literature by providing support for cognitive models of mental disorders, broadly, and SAD, specifically. 相似文献
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睡眠问题可能会诱发恐惧相关情绪障碍(焦虑、创伤性应激障碍、恐怖症等),研究睡眠影响恐惧学习的认知神经机制,有助于增强对恐惧相关情绪障碍的预测、诊断和治疗。以往研究表明睡眠剥夺影响恐惧习得和消退主要是通过抑制vmPFC活动,阻碍其与杏仁核的功能连接,从而导致恐惧习得增强或是消退学习受损。进一步研究发现睡眠不同阶段对恐惧学习相关脑区有独特的影响:剥夺(缺乏)快速眼动睡眠会抑制vmPFC活动、增强杏仁核、海马激活,导致恐惧习得增强,消退学习受损,此外边缘皮层的功能连接减少破坏了记忆巩固(恐惧记忆和消退记忆);而慢波睡眠主要与海马变化有关,慢波睡眠期间进行目标记忆重激活可促进恐惧消退学习。未来研究需要增加睡眠影响恐惧泛化的神经机制研究、及昼夜节律中断对恐惧消退的影响,以及关注动物睡眠研究向人类睡眠研究转化中存在的问题。 相似文献
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Rachel M. Butler Emily B. O’Day Michaela B. Swee Arielle Horenstein Richard G. Heimberg 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(2):465-477
We examined the outcomes of individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a sample of 93 adults seeking treatment in a university outpatient clinic specializing in CBT for SAD. Treatment followed the structure of a manual, but number of sessions varied according to client needs. After approximately 20 weeks of therapy, patients’ social anxiety had decreased and their quality of life had increased. Patients with more severe SAD or comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) at pretreatment demonstrated higher levels of social anxiety averaged across pre- and posttreatment. However, clinician-rated severity of SAD, comorbid MDD, or comorbid generalized anxiety disorder did not predict treatment outcome. Higher pretreatment scores on measures of safety behaviors and cognitive distortions were associated with higher social anxiety averaged across pre- and posttreatment and predicted greater decreases from pre- to posttreatment on multiple social anxiety outcome measures. We found no predictors of change in quality of life. Those with high levels of safety behaviors and distorted cognitions may benefit more from CBT, perhaps due to its emphasis on targeting avoidance through exposure and changing distorted thinking patterns through cognitive restructuring methods. Our study lends support to the body of research suggesting that manualized CBT interventions can be applied flexibly in clinical settings with promising outcomes for patients over a relatively short course of therapy. 相似文献
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《Behavior Therapy》2019,50(6):1112-1124
Traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders has been designed to target reductions in negative affect (NA) associated with defense-related processes. However, a subset of anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (SAD), are also characterized by low positive affect (PA) resulting from separate deficits in appetitive-related processes. In contrast to CBT, “third-wave” approaches, such as acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), align more consistently with motivational processes and, as a result, PA. However, the differential effect of CBT and ACT on PA and NA has yet to be investigated. Using secondary data from a randomized controlled trial, the present study sought to compare CBT’s (n = 45) and ACT’s (n = 35) effect on PA and NA in SAD. Findings were compared to a wait-list (WL) control condition (n = 31), as well as normative data from a general adult sample. Baseline PA and NA were also examined as moderators and predictors of theory-relevant treatment outcomes. NA decreased significantly in both CBT and ACT from pre to posttreatment. Although ACT outperformed WL in reducing NA, this effect was not observed for CBT. PA increased significantly in both CBT and ACT from pre to posttreatment, with neither ACT nor CBT outperforming WL in increasing PA. Neither PA nor NA were found to moderate theoretically relevant treatment outcomes. Findings suggest that ACT and CBT share common treatment mechanisms, making them more similar than distinct. Further efforts should be focused on optimizing CBT’s and ACT’s influence on threat and reward learning, and elucidating common processes of change. 相似文献
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Laren R. Conklin Andrew J. Curreri Todd J. Farchione David H. Barlow 《Behavior Therapy》2021,52(4):1008-1018
Homework assignments are an integral part of cognitive behavioral therapy, providing patients with opportunities to practice skills between sessions. Generally, greater homework compliance is associated with better treatment outcomes. However, fewer studies have examined the effect of homework quality on treatment outcomes. This study examined homework compliance and quality as predictors of outcome and attrition across five CBT protocols. A sample of 179 individuals with principal diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder were randomized to receive a transdiagnostic CBT protocol (the Unified Protocol) or a single-diagnosis CBT protocol corresponding to their principal diagnosis. The Unified Protocol had a lower homework burden than the majority of the single-diagnosis protocols, which varied in degree of assigned homework. Despite this, there were no differences in average homework compliance or quality across principal diagnosis, treatment condition, or their interaction. Homework quality was significantly related to all symptom outcomes (self-reported and clinician-rated anxiety and depressive symptoms, clinician-rated clinical severity). Homework compliance was significantly related to clinician-rated anxiety symptom outcomes. Additionally, greater homework quality and compliance were both significantly associated with increased odds of completing treatment, suggesting homework variables can be useful and easily obtainable predictors of treatment retention. 相似文献
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Liebowitz MR Ninan PT Schneier FR Blanco C 《CNS spectrums》2005,10(10):suppl13 1-11; discussion 12-3; quiz 14-5
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common, chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by a persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment can occur. This disorder typically appears during the mid-adolescent years and is unremitting throughout life if not properly treated. SAD presents as two subtypes: the more common and debilitating generalized form, and the nongeneralized form, which consists predominantly of performance anxiety. The majority of patients with SAD have comorbid mental disorders, including mood, anxiety, and substance abuse. No single development theory has been proposed to account for the origins of SAD, although current understanding of the etiology of SAD posits an interaction between psychological and biological factors. Risk factors include environmental and parenting influences and dysfunctional cognitive and conditioning events in early childhood. The neurobiology of SAD appears to involve neurochemical dysfunction, as evidenced by studies of neuroreceptor imaging, neuroendocrine function, and profiles of response to specific medications. Clinical trials have demonstrated that benzodiazepines and antidepressants are effective in the treatment of SAD. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are emerging as the first-line treatment for SAD, based on their proven safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Goals for ongoing future research include development of approaches to achieve remission, to convert nonresponders and partial responders to full responders, and to prevent relapse and maintain long-term efficacy. This monograph explores the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of SAD, with a focus on neural circuitry of social relationships and neurochemical dysfunction. The prevalence, rates of recognition and treatment, patterns of comorbidity, quality-of-life issues, and natural history of SAD are discussed as well as pharmacologic and psychosocial treatment strategies for SAD. 相似文献
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A chronic tendency to avoid novelty is often the result of a temperamental bias called inhibited temperament, and is associated
with increased risk for anxiety disorders. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that an inhibited temperament is associated
with increased amygdalar blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) response to unfamiliar faces that were not expected; however,
the effects of variations in expectancy remain unknown. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied BOLD
response to infrequently encountered fear faces that were either expected or not expected in 42 adults with an inhibited or
an uninhibited temperament. Individuals with an inhibited temperament had greater amygdala, but less dorsal anterior cingulate
cortex (dACC), BOLD response when the stimuli were expected. In contrast, those with an uninhibited temperament had a smaller
amygdala but larger dorsal anterior cingulate cortex BOLD response when expecting to see fear faces. These findings demonstrate
temperament differences in expectancy effects and provide preliminary evidence for the dACC as a neural substrate mediating
differences in inhibited temperament. Enhanced amygdala sensitivity coupled with weak inhibitory control from the dACC may
form a neural circuit mediating behaviors characteristic of inhibited temperament and risk for anxiety disorders. 相似文献
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Daughters of depressed mothers are at significantly elevated risk for developing a depressive disorder themselves. We have little understanding, however, of the specific factors that contribute to this risk. The ability to regulate negative affect effectively is critical to emotional and physical health and may play an important role in influencing risk for depression. We examined whether never-disordered daughters whose mothers have experienced recurrent episodes of depression during their daughters' lifetime differ from never-disordered daughters of never-disordered mothers in their patterns of neural activation during a negative mood induction and during automatic mood regulation. Sad mood was induced in daughters through the use of film clips; daughters then recalled positive autobiographical memories, a procedure shown previously to repair negative affect. During the mood induction, high-risk girls exhibited greater activation than did low-risk daughters in brain areas that have frequently been implicated in the experience of negative affect, including the amygdala and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, during automatic mood regulation, low-risk daughters exhibited greater activation than did their high-risk counterparts in brain areas that have frequently been associated with top-down regulation of emotion, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. These findings indicate that girls at high and low risk for depression differ in their patterns of neural activation both while experiencing, and while repairing negative affect, and suggest that anomalies in neural functioning precede the onset of a depressive episode. 相似文献
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Erika E. Forbes Thomas M. Olino Neal D. Ryan Boris Birmaher David Axelson Donna L. Moyles Ronald E. Dahl 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(1):107-118
The present study provides preliminary evidence that pretreatment reward-related brain function in the striatum and medial
prefrontal cortex (PFC) could have relevance for predicting both final level and rate of change of clinical characteristics
in adolescents with major depressive disorder. Adolescents with depression underwent a functional MRI scan during a monetary
reward task, participated in an 8-week open trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or CBT plus selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor, and completed reports of anxiety and depressive symptoms before, during, and after treatment. Clinicians rated
adolescents’ improvement and severity at the same time points. Growth models were used to examine change in clinical characteristics
and its association with brain function. Severity, anxiety symptoms, and depressive symptoms decreased over treatment. Final
levels of severity and anxiety symptoms were associated with pretreatment striatal reactivity, and rate of anxiety symptom
reduction was associated with greater striatal reactivity and lower medial PFC reactivity. 相似文献