大学生主观童年创伤症状对抑郁的影响:抗挫折能力和外向性的多重中介效应

本研究将"童年创伤"定义为"个体14岁以前所经历的,站在主体的角度主观感受到的创伤性事件"。采用问卷调查法对302名大学生进行调查,通过定量加定性的方式探索了童年创伤与抑郁之间的关系。相关分析表明：主观童年创伤症状、外向性、抗挫折能力、抑郁之间两两显著相关;结构方程模型表明：主观童年创伤症状通过外向性、抗挫折能力完全、多重中介作用间接预测抑郁。本研究结果在理论和实践层面对大学生抑郁问题的预防和干预工作提供重要的借鉴依据。     

中学生感恩与主观幸福感的关系:抗挫折能力与社会支持的中介作用

采用感恩问卷、正性情感负性情感量表、生活满意度问卷、抗挫折能力问卷和社会支持评定量表对865名中学生进行调查, 以考察中学生感恩和主观幸福感的关系, 以及社会支持与抗挫折能力在两者之间的中介作用。结果:(1)中学生正性情绪显著高于负性情绪;(2)中学生感恩与主观幸福感、社会支持、抗挫折能力相关显著;(3)结构方程分析结果显示, 中学生感恩直接负向预测负性情绪;社会支持和抗挫折能力在感恩与生活满意度、正性情绪间起到完全中介作用, 抗挫折能力在感恩和负性情绪间起部分中介作用。 结论:感恩能通过作用于社会支持和抗挫折能力来影响主观幸福感。     

大学生抗挫折心理能力对自杀意念影响的研究

为了探讨大学生抗挫折心理能力对自杀意念的影响,采用《抗挫折心理能力问卷》和《自杀意念自评量表》对882名大学生进行调查研究.结果发现:(1)大学生抗挫折心理能力在性别、年级、生源、学校类型等因素上存在显著差异;(2)大学生抗挫折心理能力与自杀意念之间呈显著的负相关,抗挫折心理能力的多个因素与自杀意念各因素之间的负相关显著;(3)大学生的挫折容忍力、意志品质、挫折复原力、信心、挫折认知水平、挫折经验是自杀意念的有效预测变量.     

大学生人格、社会支持与主观幸福感的关系

采用问卷调查法探讨了大学生的主观幸福感与人格、社会支持的关系。研究发现：（1）大学生的主观幸福感无性别差异;（2）不同人格类型的大学生的主观幸福感水平有显著的差异：多血质者主观幸福感最高,抑郁质者最低;(3)四种人格类型大学生的主观幸福感均有随社会支持水平的增加而增加的趋势;（4）神经质、外向性和家庭外源性社会支持对主观幸福感有较强的预测力;但外向性与主观幸福感的关系将在一定程度上以家庭外源性社会支持为中介。     

新冠肺炎疫情下的评估、应对与抑郁和焦虑的关系：多元多重中介模型

作为全球性公共卫生事件,新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情成为潜在心理应激事件。本研究以线上问卷调研形式在疫情爆发上升期考察了民众对此疫情的可控性评估及应对方式对抑郁焦虑的影响。结果表明：（1）自控性显著负向预测抑郁焦虑,他控性对抑郁焦虑无显著预测作用;（2）前行应对显著负向预测抑郁焦虑,创伤应对显著正向预测抑郁焦虑;（3）前行应对在自控性与抑郁焦虑之间起中介作用,即自控性通过正向预测前行应对进而负向预测抑郁焦虑;（4）前行应对在他控性与抑郁焦虑之间起中介作用,即他控性通过正向预测前行应对进而对抑郁焦虑产生积极影响;（5）然而,创伤应对也在他控性与抑郁焦虑之间起中介作用,即他控性通过正向预测创伤应对对抑郁焦虑产生消极影响。本研究对可控性评估和应对方式对抑郁焦虑的影响以及应对方式的中介作用进行了探究与讨论。     

大学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系研究

选取石家庄市两所大学244名大学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨大学生大五人格与主观幸福感的关系。结果表明:1.大学生主观幸福感状况良好;大学生主观幸福感的性别差异和城乡差异不显著。2.大学生的人格状况处于健康水平;大学生大五人格的性别差异和城乡差异不显著。3.农村被试的和善性与主观幸福感的精力、忧郁或愉快的心境、对情感和行为的控制、松弛和紧张四个维度存在显著相关;城市被试的对生活的满意和兴趣与大五人格的除和善性以外的四个维度存在显著相关;总体上来说外向性、和善性和严谨自律性与主观幸福感存在显著正相关,神经质维度与主观幸福感存在显著的负相关。4.和善性、外向性和神经质是主观幸福感主要而稳定的预测因素,其中神经质对主观幸福感有显著的负向预测作用,外向性和和善性对主观幸福感有显著的正向预测作用。     

儿童期受虐对大学生抑郁症状的影响：主观幸福感的中介和基因的调节作用

基于抑郁的差别易感性模型,以301名大学生(年龄=19.15±0.63岁,年龄范围为17～20岁)为研究对象,并引入关键环境因素(儿童期受虐和主观幸福感)和重要位点(MAOA基因rs6323和TPH2基因rs17110747)构建有调节的中介模型,探究大学生抑郁发生发展机制。结果表明：(1)儿童期受虐与大学生抑郁症状呈显著正相关,主观幸福感与儿童期受虐和大学生抑郁症状显著负相关;(2)主观幸福感在儿童期受虐对大学生抑郁症状的影响中起完全中介作用;(3) MAOA基因rs6323和TPH2基因rs17110747多态性在主观幸福感与大学生抑郁症状中起调节作用,具体表现为,相比携带rs6323位点G/G与T/T纯合子和rs17110747位点G/G与G/A基因型,携带rs6323位点G/T和rs17110747位点A/A基因型个体主观幸福感对抑郁症状的负向预测更强。     

童年期创伤对大学生抑郁的影响:早期适应不良图式和负性生活事件的作用

目的:考察早期适应不良图式、负性生活事件在童年期创伤与大学生抑郁间的影响机制。方法:采用童年期创伤问卷、Young图式问卷短版中文修订版、青少年生活事件量表及90项症状自评量表对1423名大学生进行调查,结果表明:(1)童年期创伤既可以直接正向预测大学生抑郁,也可以通过早期适应不良图式中的分离和拒绝、自主性及能力受损两大图式类别间接地正向预测大学生抑郁;(2)负性生活事件调节了早期适应不良图式在童年期创伤与抑郁间的中介作用     

儿童期创伤对特质抑郁和特质焦虑的影响：图式中介特异性研究

根据Beck的认知内容特异性假说(Cognitive Content Specificity Hypothesis, CCSH), 本研究假设早期适应不良图式(EMSs)在儿童期创伤与特质抑郁和特质焦虑间存在中介效应的特异性。然后对668名大学生施以儿童期创伤问卷(CTQ-SF), Young图式问卷短版(YSQ-SF), 特质抑郁问卷(T-DEP)以及特质焦虑问卷(T-AI), 经中介效应检验程序分析, 结果表明：(1)三类儿童期创伤：情感虐待、情感忽视和躯体忽视与特质抑郁和特质焦虑相关均显著, 且三类创伤与特质抑郁和特质焦虑的相关系数差异不显著; (2)针对三类创伤的中介分析均表明情感剥夺、羞耻、社交孤立/疏离和自我牺牲等与没价值、无能力有关的图式在儿童期创伤和特质抑郁间起中介作用, 而不信任/虐待和对疾病/伤害易感性等与危险有关的图式在儿童期创伤和特质焦虑间起中介作用。结论：早期适应不良图式在儿童期创伤与特质抑郁和特质焦虑间存在中介效应的特异性。     

初中生的社会支持与人格的关系

采用问卷法对432名初中生主观感知的社会支持、外界提供的社会支持与人格之间的关系进行研究,结果表明：（1）在大多数维度上,主观感知的社会支持与外界提供的相应支持及人格有显著的正相关。（2）人格类型不同的初中生主观感知的社会支持有显著差异。（3）人格的谨慎性和开放性、外界提供的社会支持对主观感知的社会支持有显著的正向预测作用;谨慎性和外向性对外界提供的社会支持有显著的正向预测作用。     

Depression and resilience mediate the relationship between traumatic life events and ill physical health: results from a population study

We set out to investigate the mediating roles of depression, resilience, smoking, and alcohol use, in the relationship between potentially traumatic life events and objective and subjective, physical and mental health in a single study. A face-to-face, population-based survey was conducted in Hong Kong (N = 1147). Information on health conditions and traumatic life events was obtained, and participants completed measures of subjective physical and mental health, depression, and resilience. Smoking and drinking were not significant mediators of the relationship between life events and both objective and subjective health. Depressive symptomatology was found to mediate the relationship between life threatening illness and subjective physical health, the relationship between abuse (physical and sexual) and subjective mental health, and the relationship between the death of a parent/partner and subjective mental health. Resilience was found to mediate the relationships between multiple traumatic life events and subjective physical and mental health. Our results indicate that psychological factors rather than biological are important mediators of the relationship between life events exposure and health. Our findings provide evidence that depressive symptomatology has a mediating role only in the case of specific potentially traumatic life events and that resilience is only a critical factor in the face of exposure to multiple traumatic events, rather than single events. Our results also indicate that behavioural factors, such as smoking and drinking, are not significant mediators of the relationship between life events and health.     

Protective role of coping flexibility in PTSD and depressive symptoms following trauma

The aim of the study was to examine whether coping flexibility would function as a protective factor for PTSD and depressive symptoms in trauma-exposed adults in Korea. A total of 510 adults with a lifetime history of traumatic events completed the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT), the Korea version of the Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS-K), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Hierarchical regression indicated that coping flexibility was associated with a reduced level of PTSD or depressive symptoms after controlling for comorbid symptoms, age, and elapsed time since the most distressing traumatic event. The interaction of traumatic events and coping flexibility was significant only on PTSD symptom severity but not on depressive symptom severity. Specifically, individuals with low coping flexibility reported higher levels of PTSD symptoms as the number of traumatic events increased. These findings supported the hypothesis that coping flexibility is a protective factor for PTSD and depression following trauma, and lack of coping flexibility may aggravate the risk for PTSD among people with multiple trauma.     

Childhood trauma from a patient and a psychoanalyst perspective: linking chronic depression to relational multiple trauma

The relationship between multiple childhood trauma, as well as adversity, and chronic depression has been reported repeatedly. However, there is a lack of clinical differentiations of these findings. We complemented patient self-ratings, using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), with psychoanalysts’ perspectives in order to provide finer grained clinical differentiations of the trauma behind chronic depression. These differentiations connect the trauma scales with early relational experiences. We developed a bespoke instrument derived from psychoanalytic trauma concepts. A subsample of 52 cases of chronically depressed patients alongside their 24 psychoanalysts was taken from the LAC depression study, in order to complement patient and psychoanalyst ratings. Our results confirm the connection between multiple childhood trauma and chronic depression. Besides relational trauma, the psychoanalysts’ perspective found separation trauma and transgenerational transmission of trauma to be significant. These traumatic relationships seem to precede and accompany adverse life events and/or traumatic experiences. They may even prevent adequate coping and/or processing of such experiences. Patient interview material from study intake and five-year follow-up further provides an insight into the changes the trauma narratives undergo throughout time. These changes emerged due to a joint reconstruction of the meaning of traumatic experiences throughout the course of the psychoanalytic process.     

PTSD Symptoms in College Students Exposed to Interparental Violence: Are they Comparable to those that Result from Child Physical and Sexual Abuse?

Undergraduate students completed the Trauma Symptom Inventory and a childhood history questionnaire that assessed their experience of three types of childhood traumatic events: physical abuse (CPA), sexual abuse (CSA), and interparental violence (CPV). Six posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subscales previously found to be associated with these types of abuse (anxious arousal, anger/irritability, intrusive experiences, depression, tension reduction behaviors, and defensive avoidance) were examined through multiple regression analyses to determine the extent to which each type of trauma history was most predictive of elevated symptomatology. For several subscales, having exposure to interparental violence was the strongest predictor of elevated symptomatology, suggesting that CPV is at least as powerful as CPA or CSA in producing symptoms of PTSD in adulthood.     

Changes in Neuroticism Following Trauma Exposure

Using longitudinal data, the present study examined change in midlife neuroticism following trauma exposure. Our primary analyses included 670 participants (M_age = 60.55; 65.22% male, 99.70% Caucasian) who completed the NEO Personality Inventory at ages 42 and 50 and reported their lifetime exposure to traumatic events approximately 10 years later. No differences in pre‐ and post‐trauma neuroticism scores were found among individuals who experienced all of their lifetime traumas in the interval between the personality assessments. Results were instead consistent with normative age‐related declines in neuroticism throughout adulthood. Furthermore, longitudinal changes in neuroticism scores did not differ between individuals with and without histories of midlife trauma exposure. Examination of change in neuroticism following life‐threatening traumas yielded a comparable pattern of results. Analysis of facet‐level scores largely replicated findings from the domain scores. Overall, our findings suggest that neuroticism does not reliably change following exposure to traumatic events in middle adulthood. Supplemental analyses indicated that individuals exposed to life‐threatening traumas in childhood or adolescence reported higher midlife neuroticism than individuals who experienced severe traumas in adulthood. Life‐threatening traumatic events encountered early in life may have a more pronounced impact on adulthood personality than recent traumatic events.     

Interpersonal–Psychological Theory,Alexithymia, and Personality Predict Suicide Ideation among Maladjusted Soldiers in Taiwan

This case–control study enrolled 226 maladjusted soldiers and 229 controls to investigate the impact of the interpersonal–psychological theory of suicide, alexithymia, personality, and childhood trauma on suicide risk among Taiwanese soldiers. Assessments included the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and Brief Symptom Rating Scale. In addition to thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness, other risks included less extraversion with higher neuroticism, higher alexithymia, poor academic performance, domestic violence, and life‐threatening events. Our study demonstrates the interaction of the interpersonal–psychological theory and other suicide risk factors in Taiwanese soldiers.     

The utility of the A1 and A2 criteria in the diagnosis of PTSD

In the field of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the revisions to the DSM-IV definition of a potentially traumatic event are contentious. Proponents praise the subjective emphasis, while others contend that the changes to the criterion broadened the conceptualization of PTSD. This study examined the predictive utility of Criterion A events, examining the stressor (A1) and subjective emotional response (A2) components of the definition of a traumatic event. Rates of Criterion A events and PTSD were calculated for three diverse samples, and predictive power, sensitivity, specificity, and ROC curves were computed to determine the predictive utility of Criterion A requirements for PTSD symptom, duration, and functional impairment diagnostic criteria. Across all samples, the current Criterion A requirements did not predict much better than chance. Specifically, A2 reports added little to the predictive ability of an A1 stressor, though the absence of A2 predicted the absence of PTSD-related symptoms, their duration, and impairment. Notably, the combination of three A1 and A2 criteria showed the best prediction. Confronted events also showed less predictive ability than experienced events, with more variable performance across samples. These results raise fundamental questions about the threshold or "gate" that Criterion A ought to play in our current nosology.