青少年高冒险行为与大脑发展

青少年时期是一个转折期,也是冒险行为多发的时期。以往有关青少年冒险行为的研究大多集中在心理学视角与社会关系学视角,双系统竞争理论从生物学视角对青少年高冒险行为作出解释。该理论认为青少年高冒险行为的产生主要是由于大脑中的社会情绪系统与认知控制系统相互竞争作用的结果。社会情绪系统对奖赏寻求起作用,而认知控制系统对执行功能起作用。较早发展的社会情绪系统与较晚才成熟的认知控制系统间的竞争是青少年冒险行为产生的原因。     

青少年社会交往：影响因素及其干预研究述要

社会交往是青少年生活中的一个重要部分，对青少年心理发展有着重要影响。青少年时期的社会交往以及由此而习得的交往技能，对青少年的社会性和情感发展具有深远的影响。研究青少年社会交往以及父母、同伴和教师在其中担当的角色，可以更好地认识青少年社会交往的本质，引导青少年通过积极的社会交往得到更好的发展和适应，使青少年社会交往成为系统教育的重要补充。     

青少年亲子冲突的研究现状

青少年时期是人生中最关键而富有特色的时期,是个体由不成熟的童年向成熟人生过渡的时期。过渡性往往和不稳定性联系在一起,因此,青少年时期容易产生亲子冲突,被有的学者称之为“亲子关系危机期”、“疾风暴雨”期。且目前我国青少年亲子冲突愈演愈烈,针对此现象,本文从亲手冲突的特点、影响因素方面进行综述,以期对我国目前正开展的此领域研究提供一些思考和借鉴。     

重大灾后青少年创伤心理的家庭疏导策略探索

灾难事件容易导致青少年出现创伤心理反应，影响其身心发展，因此青少年创伤心理干预已成为公众所关注的主要议题之一。不过，当前关于青少年创伤心理疏导存在着服务力量分散、系统协同性欠缺，心理服务侧重短期心理干预、忽视长期的心理疏导，心理干预视角片面，缺少家庭参与等方面的局限。为了弥补这些局限，帮助灾后青少年积极应对创伤及其相关情绪，有必要从家庭系统的视角对灾后青少年进行心理疏导，强化家庭与社会、学校和医院的协作，提升灾后青少年家庭心理疏导的能力；关注父母心理健康，提升其心理素养；改善夫妻关系和教养孩子的方式，营造良好的家庭氛围；提升父母创伤心理相关知识和技能，协助父母对青少年开展长期心理呵护。     

青少年创造性发展及其脑机制研究进展

青少年时期是创造性发展的关键阶段,探明青少年创造性发展规律及其神经机制对于培养和激发个体的创新潜能具有重要意义。本文综述了青少年创造性发展及其脑机制的研究进展,分别对青少年创造性思维发展趋势、影响因素及其相应的脑机制展开综述,并在此基础上进行了展望。总体而言,青少年时期创造性思维发展呈现出两个波峰(11~13岁,15~16岁)的发展趋势;青少年创造性发展受外部原生家庭教养方式和学校教师激励以及内部情绪动机和自我管理能力的影响较大;前额叶对青少年创造性发展具有重要作用,这可能与该脑区涉及执行控制功能有关。针对青少年创造性发展的教育干预以及大脑可塑性可能成为该领域的研究热点;而大样本纵向跟踪多模态脑影像数据库的建立可为相关研究提供重要支持。     

青少年社会支持系统发展特点的研究

青少年时期是个体的生理和心理发生急剧变化的特殊时期,是他们从幼稚走向成熟,从家庭步入更广阔社会的重要转折期,身心的急剧成熟给青少年的社会关系网络带来了新的变化,生活中重要他人从父母扩大到朋友和教师。青少年从重要他人那里获得的社会支持具有可靠同盟、价值增进、工具性帮助、陪伴支持、情感支持、亲密感、自我揭露、冲突、惩罚和满意度等功能。不同来源的社会支持所提供的支持功能是不同的。母亲侧重于提供评价支持和情感支持,同伴侧重于工具性支持和陪伴支持,父亲、教师侧重于信息支持。进入青春期以后,青少年的社会支持系统有什么新特点?是否存在年级和性别差异?本文旨在对青少年的社会支持系统进行年级性别的差异研究,以揭示青少年社会支持系统的发展特点,为进一步进行心理健康教育提供理论依据。     

同胞关系及其与儿童青少年社会性发展的关系

同胞关系是指兄弟姐妹之间分享与彼此有关的知识、观点、态度、信念和感受的所有互动,具有平等互惠性和补充性。同胞关系质量分为同胞温暖与冲突、界限黏结与解离、积极与消极同胞关系。亲缘选择和家庭系统理论从进化和环境视角解释同胞关系。同胞关系对于儿童青少年内外化问题行为和人际关系等具有重要影响。未来应关注特殊儿童青少年同胞关系的特点,深入探讨同胞关系对儿童青少年社会性发展的作用机制和干预措施,加强本土化研究。     

大众传媒商业化下的青少年伦理道德教育探究

青少年的伦理道德是作为从稚童向成熟个体过渡的道德认知、价值观念、道德情探、人格成长的有机结合,由于其具有不稳定的动因和表象,极易因外部环境和社会意识变化,如大众传媒的商业化浪潮等,发生文化取向、审美取向和价值定位的偏移和异变.当下的青少年伦理道德教育应该对大众传媒商业化环境下的道德认知多元化、价值观念虚拟化、人格发展真空化等诸多表象进行积极探源,继而树立起"理性评价"、"脱敏防范"、"积极建设"等科学原则并付诸实践,寻求伦理道德教育的创新,促进青少年的伦理道德向积极方向顺利发展.     

青少年自我同一性发展的相关因素研究述评

自我同一性形成和发展是青少年的重要课题。本文在综合中外学者研究的基础上,分别从认知发展、家庭环境、学校教育、社会文化等方面因素对青少年自我同一性发展的影响进行了概括和总结。     

同伴接纳、友谊与学校适应的研究

同伴关系在儿童青少年适应学校生活的过程中起着重要的作用.良好的同伴关系有利于儿童青少年社会价值的获得、社会能力的培养、学业的顺利完成以及认知和人格的健康发展.     

初中生积极适应的发展轨迹:基于潜变量增长模型的分析

采用问卷法对290名初中生在初中三年间积极适应的发展状况进行四次追踪测试,利用潜变量增长模型检验个体积极适应的变化趋势,同时考察了随时间稳定变量(学校转换)和随时间变化变量(压力知觉)对积极适应的影响。结果发现:1、从初一到初三,个体积极适应的自我肯定和行事效率维度呈曲线上升趋势,且上升速度逐年下降;亲社会倾向呈线性上升趋势;积极应对呈线性下降趋势;2、学校转变对初中生积极适应发展的影响较小;3、压力知觉可显著抑制当时初中生的积极适应。     

The development of ethnic identity during adolescence

The development of ethnic identity is a critical facet of adolescence, particularly for adolescents of color. In order to examine the developmental trajectory of ethnic identity, African American, Latino American, and European American early and middle adolescents (N = 420) were assessed over 3 years. Two components of ethnic identity were assessed--group-esteem was found to rise for both early and middle adolescents; exploration rose for middle adolescents. African Americans and Latino Americans were lower in group-esteem but have greater increases than European Americans, particularly across a school transition. The course of ethnic identity development during early and middle adolescence, the role of school context, and the variability in developmental trajectories among racial and ethnic groups are discussed.     

初中生网络欺负的发展趋势：道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的作用

以496名初中生为研究对象, 对其网络欺负行为进行为期2年的4次追踪测试, 同时测试其道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注。采用潜变量增长模型探讨初中生网络欺负行为的发展轨迹, 并分析道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的影响。结果发现, (1)在2年时间内, 初中生网络欺负行为呈显著下降趋势, 起始水平与下降速度有显著负相关; (2)道德推脱能显著正向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 负向预测其下降趋势; (3)观点采择能够显著负向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 正向预测其下降趋势。上述结果肯定了道德推脱与观点采择对初中生网络欺负发展轨迹的预测作用, 以网络情境支持了道德推脱理论, 部分支持了社会信息处理模型。     

初中生网络欺负的发展趋势：道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的作用

以496名初中生为研究对象, 对其网络欺负行为进行为期2年的4次追踪测试, 同时测试其道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注。采用潜变量增长模型探讨初中生网络欺负行为的发展轨迹, 并分析道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的影响。结果发现, (1)在2年时间内, 初中生网络欺负行为呈显著下降趋势, 起始水平与下降速度有显著负相关; (2)道德推脱能显著正向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 负向预测其下降趋势; (3)观点采择能够显著负向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 正向预测其下降趋势。上述结果肯定了道德推脱与观点采择对初中生网络欺负发展轨迹的预测作用, 以网络情境支持了道德推脱理论, 部分支持了社会信息处理模型。     

Transitions of Developmental Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Between Junior and Senior High School Among Youths in Taiwan: Linkages to Symptoms in Young Adulthood

We investigated the heterogeneous developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms in junior and senior high school, the transitions to different trajectories after entering senior high school, and the linkages to the development of depressive symptoms in early adulthood among Taiwanese adolescents. An eight-wave longitudinal data set was analyzed, including 2687 Taiwanese adolescents (51.2% boys, M age?=?14.3 at first wave). Using a manual three-step latent transition growth mixture model, we found that a three-class solution fit the data for both junior high school (termed high-improving, cumulative, and JS-low-stable) and senior high school period (termed heightening, moderate-stable, and HS-low-stable). The depressive symptoms of most individuals maintained at a low level (i.e., low-stable) from adolescence to early adulthood; however, nearly a quarter of the adolescents reported depressive symptoms that were moderately or highly severe in senior high school and beyond. More than 30% of the participants experienced transitioning into a different developmental trajectory between junior and senior high school. When perceiving a higher level of paternal behavioral control, adolescents categorized in the high-improving class in junior high school would have a higher chance to transition to the moderate-stable class than to HS-low-stable class in senior high school. Adolescent boys and girls did not differ in the probability of transitioning between trajectories across junior and senior high school. However, a clear and consistent pattern of symptoms between late adolescence and early adulthood was not observed. These results help elucidate the heterogeneity and fluidity associated with the development of depressive symptoms between early adolescence and early adulthood in light of school transition among youths in Taiwan.     

学校资源与早期青少年心理社会适应的关系：一项潜在转变分析

以1012名初一学生为被试进行3年的追踪研究, 采用潜在剖面分析与潜在转变分析考察了早期青少年心理社会适应的亚组分化与转变情况, 以及学校资源与性别在青少年发展适应中的作用。结果发现：(1)初一时青少年的心理社会适应分化成2个亚组：适应良好组与内化问题组, 初二与初三时青少年分化成4个适应亚组：适应良好组、内化问题组、外化问题组和同伴拒绝组; (2)从初二到初三, 适应良好组和内化问题组的青少年保持了较高的稳定性, 同伴拒绝组和外化问题组的青少年向适应良好组转变的概率最高; (3)拥有更多学校资源的青少年更可能处于或保留在适应良好组, 同时在初二时拥有更多学校资源的外化问题组和同伴拒绝组的青少年在初三时更可能向适应良好组转变; (4)初二时女生更大概率地进入内化问题组。研究结果有助于深化对早期青少年心理社会适应发展模式多样性的理解, 并提示教育人员有必要对青少年适应状况进行全面筛查和动态监测, 以便针对适应亚组和性别特点制定更为复杂的预防和干预方案。     

A longitudinal study of school adjustment in urban,minority adolescents: Effects of a high school transition program

Described an intervention program designed to prepare elementary school (K-8) eighth-grade students for their transition to high school the following year. Participants in the study were 145, predominantly Hispanic, inner-city public school adolescents. The experimental group received an augmented condition, consisting of Education and Peer Support Components. The control group received a minimal condition consisting of only the Education Component. While no group effects were observed, time effects indicated experimental and control students' improved perceptions of school readiness, but deteriorated perceptions of support from both home and school and diminished grade-point averages and attendance. Time effects also revealed variable changes in school perceptions. Findings are discussed in terms of a developmental perspective of the school transition process. Implications for high school transition programming with the target population and directions for future research are also addressed.     

The role of educational track in adolescents' school burnout: A longitudinal study

Background Transition from comprehensive school to later educational tracks is challenging for many adolescents. The present three‐wave longitudinal study conducted in Finland considers this issue from the perspective of school burnout. Aims The study investigated the extent to which school‐related burnout (exhaustion, cynicism, and feelings of inadequacy) changes during the transition from comprehensive school to an academic or vocational track. Sample The participants of the present study were 658 ninth graders, who filled in questionnaires twice during their final term of comprehensive school and once after the transition to post‐comprehensive schooling. Methods The participants filled in the school burnout inventory and supplied background information on gender and academic achievement. The data have analysed by latent growth curve modelling. Results The results showed that adolescents on an academic track experienced more exhaustion at school than those on a vocational track. Moreover, among adolescents on an academic track both the level of cynicism and inadequacy at school increased across time. In turn, among adolescents on a vocational track inadequacy at school decreased across time while cynicism increased before the school transition and decreased thereafter. Girls experienced more overall school burnout than boys, and adolescents whose academic achievement was lower experienced a higher level of burnout than adolescents who did better at school. Conclusions The results support the stage‐environment fit theory according to which the nature of the environments in academic and vocational education are more important than the transition per se for changes in how adolescents think and feel about school (see Eccles & Midgley, 1989 ).     

Navigating Middle Grades: Role of Social Contexts in Middle Grade School Climate

During early adolescence, most public school students undergo school transitions, and many students experience declines in academic performance and social-emotional well-being. Theories and empirical research have highlighted the importance of supportive school environments in promoting positive youth development during this period of transition. Despite this, little is known about the proximal social and developmental contexts of the range of middle grade public schools US students attend. Using a cross-sectional dataset from the eighth grade wave of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Cohort 1998–1999, the current study examines the middle grade school social context from the perspectives of administrators and teachers in public schools with typical grade configurations (k–8 schools, middle schools, and junior high schools) and how it relates to students’ perceptions of school climate. We find that administrators and teachers in k–8 schools perceive a more positive school social context, controlling for school structural and demographic characteristics. This school social context, in turn, is associated with students’ perceptions of their schools’ social and academic climate. Implications for educational policy and practice are discussed.     

Hope and emotional well-being: A six-year study to distinguish antecedents,correlates, and consequences

Hope is a motivational factor that helps initiate and sustain action toward long-term goals, including flexible management of obstacles that get in the way of goal attainment. Despite an abundance of research on the benefits of hope, little attention has been given to this aspect of youth development via longitudinal studies. In this study, we collected ratings of hope and positive and negative affect from 975 adolescents over a six-year assessment period (Grades 7–12). Using cross-lagged structural equation modeling, we found that hope led to greater positive affect, with little evidence for the reverse direction. In contrast, hope and negative affective states were reciprocally related. Hope predicted future well-being particularly well in years when the young people where in transition (e.g. starting high school and transitioning to senior high school). Our data support the position that hope is a malleable attribute that fosters positive youth development.