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少年期作为人生社会化过程中的关键期之一,无疑成为人的社会化问题探讨的一个重点。由于在少年的人际关系中,友伴关系占有特殊重要的地位。因此,对于现代少年友伴群体的建立和发展是一个值得探讨的问题。 相似文献
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少年期作为人生社会化过程中的关键期之一,无疑成为人的社会化问题探讨的一个重点。由于在少年的人际关系中,友伴关系占有特殊重要的地位。因此,对于现代少年友伴群体的建立和发展是一个值得探讨的问题。 相似文献
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选取1040名北京市小六、初二和高一学生,探讨青少年与最亲密同性友伴的相似性,及性别组合、年级组合和单双向选择对最亲密同性友伴相似性的影响。要求被试提名一个与自己同校的最亲密友伴,并完成一份包括17个方面的问卷。最后得到427对最亲密同性友伴。最亲密同性友伴的相似性超过非友伴。最亲密同性友伴在逃学或离家出走、吸烟饮酒等行为方面最相似,在参与活动方面的相似性次之,家庭社会经济地位、遵从友伴、学习与教育期望的相似性最低。性别组合、年级组合对最亲密同性友伴某些方面的相似性有明显影响,而单双向选择对最亲密同性友伴的相似性无明显影响。 相似文献
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友伴对青少年吸烟和饮酒行为的影响 总被引:12,自引:5,他引:7
本研究从北京市几所中小学选取小六、初二和高一学生1040名来探讨友伴对青少年吸烟饮酒行为的影响。研究采用无记名问卷测查的形式,先让被试提名一个最要好友伴和九个一般友伴,再回答自己曾经是否吸烟饮酒和吸烟饮酒的程度。分析时,只对在被试范围内的友伴进行统计。结果发现,无论男女和年级,被提名的友伴中,吸烟饮酒的友伴人数有较大差别;男生友伴中吸烟饮酒的友伴明显超过女生;高年级学生友伴中吸烟饮酒的友伴明显多于低年级学生;友伴的吸烟饮酒行为和吸烟饮酒程度对青少年的吸烟饮酒行为有明显影响;友伴中吸烟饮酒的人数多少也与青少年吸烟饮酒行为有直接的关系;但单双向友伴关系对青少年的吸烟饮酒行为无明显影响。 相似文献
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选择小六、初二和高一学生共1040名作被试,采用十项友伴提名法,要求被试至多提名10个友伴,通过网络分析,从友伴提名数、友伴选择的双向性两个方面探讨不同年级学生友伴网络结构,结果显示,青少年平均拥有6~7个友伴,在这些友伴关系中,单向选择占明显的优势。性别、年级和学习成绩之间的交互作用以及父母受教育水平和家庭结构之间的交互作用(包括两两之间的交互作用)除个别外,均不明显;性别、年级和学习成绩的主效应较明显,而父母受教育水平和家庭结构的主效应却不明显。 相似文献
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感知的和实际的友伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为的影响 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
选取北京市一所普通中学和一所重点中学初一至高三的学生为被试,采取自由参与研究和被试自我报告、被试报告友伴、友伴自我报告吸烟行为的方式,从认知发展理论的角度出发,探讨感知的与实际的友伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为的影响。结果验证了认知发展理论,即感知的友伴吸烟行为对青少年吸烟行为具有明显的影响作用,而实际的友伴吸烟行为没有明显的影响作用。研究还发现,性别和友伴关系类型对感知的与实际的友伴吸烟行为之间的差异存在明显的主效应;友伴自我报告的吸烟行为超过被试自我报告的吸烟行为。讨论揭示了研究结果对预防和干预青少年吸烟行为的意义。 相似文献
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为了考察数学焦虑对儿童数量表征表现的可能影响及认知抑制的潜在调节作用,选取70名小学三年级儿童(高焦虑组36人,低焦虑组34人)为被试,在对抑制条件进行操控的情况下,要求其完成符号、非符号数量表征任务。结果发现,被试在两种数量表征任务中均出现距离效应,与符号数量比较任务相比,高焦虑组在非符号数量比较任务中的正确率显著低于低焦虑组,且高焦虑组表现出了更强的距离效应。鉴于非符号数量比较任务更能反映出个体近似数量系统(ANS)的敏锐性,上述结果意味着高数学焦虑儿童的数量表征更不精确,其在相对复杂问题上较差的表现或许源于基本数量能力缺陷。本研究还发现认知抑制能够调节数学焦虑对个体非符号数量表征的影响,抑制条件下高低焦虑组儿童在正确率指标上的差异大于非抑制条件,抑制条件的设置提高了个体对工作记忆资源的需求,此时焦虑情绪对认知资源的消耗会造成任务所需资源的不足,进而削弱高焦虑个体的认知效用。 相似文献
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友伴网络结构与中学生的吸烟行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用社会网络理论和分析技术考察友伴网络结构与中学生吸烟行为的关系。被试选自北京两所中学1091名初一至高三学生,要求他们最多提名10名友伴,并报告自己及其友伴的吸烟行为。然后,使用NEGOPY社会网络分析软件对中学生的友伴网络结构进行分析。研究结果表明,中学生的友伴网络结构存在团体成员、团体联系者和孤立者三种类型,团体成员所占比例超过团体联系者和孤立者,但随年级升高,团体成员有下降趋势。此外,团体成员的吸烟率显著低于孤立者和团体联系者,即使排除性别、年龄和学校类型的影响后,友伴网络结构与中学生的吸烟行为仍然有非常明显的关系。 相似文献
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采用整班联系、自愿参加的方式,选取北京市海淀、朝阳、昌平三个区的1350名流动儿童为被试,采用歧视知觉问卷、家庭社会经济地位问卷、班级环境气氛量表以及群体态度测验,考察家庭经济环境和学校班级环境对流动儿童歧视知觉的影响,并进一步探讨群体态度对它们关系的影响作用。结果表明:(1)家庭社会经济地位、老师支持和同学支持对于个体和群体歧视知觉具有显著的负向影响,同时,班级内聚力对于个体歧视知觉、满意程度对于群体歧视知觉也存在显著的负向影响。(2)同学支持对于个体歧视知觉的负向预测作用更为重要,老师支持则对群体歧视知觉的负向预测作用更为重要。(3)对于群体态度不同的流动儿童,环境因素对其个体和群体歧视知觉的作用存在一定差异。在个体歧视知觉方面,同学支持是态度中立组和态度偏城市儿童组的最佳预测因素,班级内聚力则是态度偏流动儿童组的最佳预测因素;在群体歧视知觉方面,老师支持对于群体态度不同组均表现出最为重要的预测作用。 相似文献
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团体辅导改善大学生人际关系及心理健康水平的实证研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
目的:探讨团体心理辅导对改善大学生人际关系及心理健康水平的有效性及可行性。方法:采用单因素重复测量设计自然实验,对16名有改善人际关系愿望的大学生进行为期2个月,共10次的团体心理辅导干预;使用人际关系综合诊断量表和症状自评量表前后施测,结合团体成员的反馈自评和表现进行质的分析。结果:被试人际关系综合诊断量表前后测有差异(t=2.55,p<0.05),症状自评量表总分有显著差异(t=3.12,p<0.01),其中抑郁、敌对因子有显著差异(抑郁因子t=2.95,敌对因子t=2.71),人际关系和偏执因子有差异(人际关系因子t=2.53,偏执因子t=2.57)。结论:人际交往团体辅导对改善大学生的人际关系,提高心理健康水平是有效的。 相似文献
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Goldsmith HH Van Hulle CA Arneson CL Schreiber JE Gernsbacher MA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2006,34(3):393-407
This study examined the development of aggressive and oppositional behavior among alcoholic and nonalcoholic families using latent growth modeling. The sample consisted of 226 families assessed at 18, 24, 36, and 48 months of child age. Results indicated that children in families with nonalcoholic parents had the lowest levels of aggressive behavior at all time points compared to children with one or more alcoholic parents. Children in families with two alcoholic parents did not exhibit normative decreases in aggressive behavior from 3 to 4 years of age compared to nonalcoholic families. However, this association was no longer significant once a cumulative family risk score was added to the model. Children in families with high cumulative risk scores, reflective of high parental depression, antisocial behavior, negative affect during play, difficult child temperament, marital conflict, fathers’ education, and hours spent in child care, had higher levels of aggression at 18 months than children in low risk families. These associations were moderated by child gender. Boys had higher levels of aggressive behavior at all ages than girls, regardless of group status. Cumulative risk was predictive of higher levels of initial aggressive behavior in both girls and boys. However, boys with two alcoholic parents had significantly less of a decline in aggression from 36 to 48 months compared to boys in the nonalcoholic group. 相似文献
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探查儿童寻求信任性人际关系建立和向他人求助启动阶段的人际关系认知,检验心理弹性儿童是否比缺乏心理弹性儿童拥有更准确、快速的人际关系类型和更积极、快速的中性人际关系性质认知。利用自编人际关系类型认知和中性情境人际关系性质认知实验程序,对经由汇聚操作法筛选出的心理弹性儿童(99人)和缺乏心理弹性儿童(176人)实施实验,记录被试的反应结果和反应时。以年龄和性别为协变量,分别对两组儿童人际关系类型认知得分及反应时、中性情境人际关系性质认知得分及反应时进行组间差异的协方差分析。结果支持部分研究假设:心理弹性儿童人际关系类型认知总分显著高于缺乏心理弹性儿童;心理弹性儿童在中性情境下人际关系性质认知积极与消极维度总分、积极—消极连续体上的振幅均显著小于缺乏心理弹性儿童,但心理弹性儿童对中性情境人际关系性质认知更具积极偏向;两组儿童在所有任务指标上的平均反应时差异皆不显著。提示,儿童对人际关系类型的准确把握及对人际关系性质谨慎却相对积极的认知,可能是有效寻求和建立人际关系、获取社会支持资源以良好应对严重压力/逆境的重要主体性因素。 相似文献
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Lydia V. Flasher 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2000,30(3):239-254
This paper proposes the use of Hans Strupp's case formulation method, Cyclical Maladaptive Patterns, with child clinical cases. While Strupp's case formulation method was developed for use with adults in Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy, this interpersonally-based model is viewed as consistent with recent literature in child development and psychopathology which emphasizes the centrality of peer relationships, interpersonal schema, and social attribution biases in the development of maladaptive interpersonal behavior. Application of this method underscores the interpersonal nature and context of childhood problems as well as their cyclical and self-perpetuating quality. Use of this case formulation method with children is proposed as a basis for individually tailoring treatment plans with children who have problems with aggression, rejection, and other maladaptive interpersonal patterns. 相似文献
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Karen D. Rudolph Constance Hammen Dorli Burge 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(1):33-45
Cognitive and interpersonal aspects of depressive symptoms were investigated in a community sample of children. Eighty-one 8- to 12-year-olds completed scales assessing cognitive representations of social relationships and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Teachers provided ratings of peer rejection. Children with elevated levels of depressive symptoms displayed increased negativity in their beliefs about self, family, and peers, as well as distinct patterns of interpersonal information processing. Anxiety symptoms did not make a unique contribution beyond depression to negative representations of family and peers; in contrast, symptom-specific profiles of self-representations were found. Structural equation analysis supported a model linking negative interpersonal representations, peer rejection, and depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that future studies may benefit from approaches that incorporate both cognitive and interpersonal variables as predictors of child depression. 相似文献
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Human infants are social by nature. Early behaviors taken as evidence of an innate desire to connect with others generally include eye contact, smiles, and positive vocalizations. Studies have shown that, as infants mature, they begin to alternate gaze between objects of interest and their social partners (joint attention), and show signs that some people are special to them by becoming distressed when separated from them (attachment). In this article, we seek to highlight less frequently studied ways that infants and young children show their desire to connect and communicate with others. To do so, we draw on studies of infants in underrepresented communities, interviews with parents of autistic children, and a recent study of interactions between autistic adults. 相似文献
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用命名作业和真假字判断作业考察了笔画数和部件数对汉字加工的影响,发现,当部件数保持恒定时,笔画数少的汉字较笔画数多的汉字加工快,这种笔画数效应和字频之间不存在交互作用;当笔画数被控制时,部件数效应也存在,但和字频有交互作用,表现在低频少部件汉字的加工要快于低频多部件汉字的加工,而高频汉字中的部件数效应不显著。实验还发现独体字(只有一个部件)的加工和合体字(部件数大于等于二)的加工有差异。作者认为,汉字的加工要经过笔画、部件和整字三个层次,其中单位部件的笔画数和部件数影响着汉字加工时间 相似文献
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The hypothesis that parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior would be indirectly linked to child externalizing behavior problems through child lack of control, current levels of parent depression, family conflict, and parent–child conflict was tested using manifest variable regression analysis. Participants were a community sample of 125 families with an alcoholic father and 83 ecologically matched but nonsubstance abusing families involved in the first 2 waves of an ongoing longitudinal study (with 3 years between each wave). All families had a biological son who was 3–5 years old at study onset. Results revealed that child lack of control mediated the relation between paternal alcoholism and the son's subsequent externalizing behavior problems. Family conflict was a significant mediator of maternal and paternal lifetime antisocial behavior effects and father–son conflict mediated paternal lifetime antisocial behavior effects. Study implications are discussed within the context of parental socialization of antisocial behavior. 相似文献
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The behaviour of offenders and victims in 116 cases of group robbery (61 commercial, 55 personal) was examined. Four interpersonal themes were evident: dominance, submission, co‐operation and hostility. These themes are governed by the principles of complementarity such that offender dominance elicits victim submission (reciprocity) and vice versa, while co‐operative offenders tend to elicit victim co‐operation (correspondence). Hostile offences were hypothesised as eliciting hostility in victims, but few victims in the sample demonstrated active resistance. The existence of behavioural themes suggests that offenders within the same group behave in a homogenous fashion, which is explained by reference to group norms and processes of modelling. Further, differences in interpersonal themes were evident between commercial and personal robberies. Commercial robberies tend to involve greater levels of co‐operation than personal robberies, while personal robberies involve more hostility than commercial robberies. This is discussed in terms of situational and motivational elements of the robberies. Aggr. Behav. 32:330–342, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. 相似文献