父母心理控制与对立违抗障碍儿童抑郁和攻击行为的关系:父子依恋和母子依恋的中介效应

采用父母心理控制、亲子依恋、抑郁量表对从北京市、山东省和云南省14所小学筛选出来的246名对立违抗障碍(Oppositional Defiant Disorder,ODD)儿童进行施测,并由被试的班主任填写儿童攻击行为量表,考察父、母心理控制对ODD儿童抑郁和攻击行为的影响,以及父子依恋和母子依恋在其中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)ODD儿童中男生人数更多,且男孩的抑郁和攻击行为更严重;(2)父亲对男孩的心理控制更强,而母亲在对男孩和女孩的心理控制上没有显著差异;(3)父、母心理控制与ODD儿童的父子依恋、母子依恋和抑郁均呈显著相关,但只有父亲心理控制与ODD儿童的攻击行为显著相关;(4)父子依恋在父母心理控制和ODD儿童抑郁之间没有起到显著的中介作用,母子依恋在母亲心理控制和ODD儿童抑郁之间有显著的中介作用。父子依恋和母子依恋在父、母心理控制和ODD儿童攻击行为之间均没有起到显著的中介作用。     

父母养育倦怠对亲子关系的影响：婚姻质量和共同教养的链式中介作用

采用父母养育倦怠量表、关系评估量表、父母共同教养的关系感知量表和亲子关系量表,对416对中小学生父母进行施测,以探讨父母养育倦怠与亲子关系的关系及婚姻质量和共同教养在其中的作用。结果发现：(1)父亲的养育倦怠明显高于母亲的养育倦怠水平。(2)父亲和母亲的养育倦怠可以分别显著预测自身的亲子关系,两者之间都显著负相关。(3)父亲婚姻质量在养育倦怠和亲子关系之间存在部分中介作用;而母亲婚姻质量在养育倦怠和亲子关系之间部分中介作用不显著。(4)父亲的婚姻质量和共同教养在父亲养育倦怠和亲子关系之间起链式中介作用;母亲的婚姻质量和共同教养在母亲养育倦怠和亲子关系之间也起链式中介作用。     

父母冲突、亲子关系与青少年抑郁的关系:独生与非独生的调节作用

以452名青少年及其父母为被试,采用问卷法考察亲子关系在父母冲突与青少年抑郁关系间的中介作用,以及独生与非独生对上述中介作用的调节作用。结果发现：（1）独生家庭的母子关系和父子关系显著优于非独生家庭;独生与非独生家庭的父母冲突没有显著差异;（2）父母冲突正向预测青少年抑郁,母子亲密与母子冲突在父母冲突与青少年抑郁间发挥着中介作用,父子亲密与父子冲突的中介作用不显著;（3）母子亲密在父母冲突预测青少年抑郁中的中介作用在独生子女与非独生子女上没有差异,母子冲突的中介作用仅在独生子女上显著。研究结果显示,对于独生子女家庭而言,母亲应尤其注意将父母冲突所带来的消极情感消化在夫妻系统内部。     

母亲正念与幼儿问题行为的关系：正念养育和亲子关系的链式中介作用

为了探讨母亲正念与幼儿问题行为的关系以及正念养育和亲子关系在其中的作用,本研究对480名4-6岁幼儿的母亲进行问卷调查,由母亲填写正念注意知觉量表、正念养育量表、亲子关系量表和幼儿困难与长处问卷。结果发现：(1)母亲正念可以显著负向预测幼儿问题行为;(2)正念养育在母亲正念和幼儿问题行为之间起独立中介作用;(3)亲子冲突在母亲正念和幼儿问题行为之间起独立中介作用;(4)正念养育、亲子关系(亲子冲突和亲子亲密)在母亲正念和幼儿问题行为之间起链式中介作用。研究结果进一步揭示了母亲正念对幼儿问题行为影响的内在机制。     

二胎环境下小学高年级“脱独”儿童父母教养方式与同胞关系:心理理论的中介作用

研究采用问卷集体施测,收集了788名小学高年级“脱独”儿童的父母教养方式、同胞关系以及心理理论的状况,探讨小学高年级“脱独”儿童父母教养方式对同胞关系的影响及心理理论作为中介变量的影响。结果表明:心理理论在父母教养方式中的父亲过分干涉、母亲情感温暖理解、母亲惩罚严厉、母亲过分干涉与同胞关系之间起完全中介作用; 心理理论在父亲情感温暖理解、父亲偏爱与同胞关系之间起部分中介作用。研究认为,良好的父母教养方式,有助于个体提高心理理论,并可能在一定程度上改善同胞关系。     

父母冲突对青少年攻击行为的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

采用青少年攻击行为量表、青少年攻击信念量表、亲子关系量表和儿童感知父母冲突量表对506名青少年进行测查,结果表明：（1）父母冲突对青少年攻击信念和攻击行为均有显著的正向预测作用;（2）青少年攻击信念在父母冲突与攻击行为之间起着中介作用;（3）青少年攻击信念与攻击行为的关系（中介效应的后半段路径）受到亲子关系的调节,即父母冲突对青少年攻击行为的影响是有调节的中介效应。     

父母过度教养和亲子冲突与青少年抑郁的关系及发展性差异

采用教养方式问卷、亲子冲突量表、抑郁自评量表,对2041名青少年进行调查,以考察父母过度教养、亲子冲突和青少年抑郁的关系及发展性差异。结果发现：（1）总体上,父子冲突中介了父亲过度教养和青少年抑郁的关系,母子冲突中介了母亲过度教养和青少年抑郁的关系;（2）在发展阶段上,母亲过度教养的中介模型在青少年早中晚期均成立。父亲过度教养的中介模型仅在早期成立;中期父亲过度教养总效应不显著;晚期父亲过度教养仅具有直接效应。     

父母心理控制与小学儿童焦虑：一个有调节的中介模型

采用班级整群抽样法选取山东省某市三至五年级464名小学儿童及其父母为被试进行为期一年的追踪研究,采用父母心理控制问卷、亲子冲突量表、努力控制问卷和儿童焦虑量表考察父母心理控制对儿童焦虑的影响,以及亲子冲突在两者之间的中介作用和儿童努力控制的调节作用。结果发现：(1)父亲/母亲心理控制均可以显著正向预测一年后的儿童焦虑,与父亲心理控制相比,母亲心理控制对儿童焦虑的预测作用更强;(2)父亲/母亲心理控制可以显著正向预测相应的父子/母子冲突(主体效应),母亲心理控制同时还可以显著正向预测父子冲突(伴侣效应);(3)只有母子冲突在母亲心理控制与儿童焦虑之间起部分中介作用,且中介效应的后半段路径受儿童努力控制的调节,即儿童高水平的努力控制缓冲了母子冲突对儿童焦虑的影响。     

母亲消极情绪表露与儿童焦虑的关系：有调节的中介模型

本研究以临沂市3所小学1173名一至六年级的学生及其母亲为被试,探讨了母亲消极情绪表露与儿童焦虑的关系,以及母子冲突和母子亲密在这一关系中的作用。采用家庭情绪表露问卷、亲子关系问卷、儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表进行研究。结果表明：(1)母亲消极情绪表露与母子冲突、儿童焦虑两两显著正相关,母子亲密与母亲消极情绪表露、母子冲突、儿童焦虑的相关不显著;(2)母亲消极情绪表露显著正向预测儿童焦虑;(3)母子冲突在母亲消极情绪表露与儿童焦虑间起中介作用,且上述中介效应的后半段路径受到母子亲密的调节。     

父亲协同教养对儿童学校适应的影响:父子依恋的中介作用

为考察父亲协同教养对儿童学校适应的影响及父子依恋在其中的中介作用,采用父亲协同教养问卷、父子依恋问卷和中小学生学校适应行为量表对892名9～11岁儿童进行问卷调查。结果表明:(1)父亲积极协同教养显著正向预测儿童社会能力;(2)父亲消极协同教养显著负向预测儿童社会能力,显著正向预测儿童反社会行为;(3)父子依恋在父亲积极和消极协同教养与儿童学校适应之间均起中介作用。     

亲子关系与问题行为的动态相互作用模型：对儿童早期的追踪研究

通过对81名幼儿的父母历时两年的三次追踪测查,考察了父子、母子关系与儿童问题行为的动态相互作用模型。结构方程模型的分析结果表明：一方面,相邻两次测查的母子、父子关系、各种问题行为之间的路径系数都非常显著;另一方面,母子关系与退缩、攻击问题的双向作用,父子关系与攻击、违纪问题的双向作用都得到了支持,焦虑问题对父子、母子关系的作用,违纪问题对父子关系的作用也都得到了支持     

Parent-early adolescent relationship quality and problem behavior in Hungary,the Netherlands,India, and Iceland

Higher parent-child relationship quality has been associated with less internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. However, it remained less clear whether these associations are universal or depend on the country under investigation. Furthermore, fathers are still understudied, even though there is increasing evidence of their important role in early adolescent development. Our study compared the association of mother-child as well as father-child relationship quality with early adolescents’ problem behavior in four culturally different countries, namely Hungary (N = 293; M_age = 11.22; 53% boys), the Netherlands (N = 242; M_age = 11.20; 48% boys), India (N = 230; M_age = 10.68; 61% boys), and Iceland (N = 261; M_age = 10.90; 53% boys). Early adolescents filled out questionnaires in their classroom, assessing warmth and conflict with fathers and mothers and internalizing and externalizing problem behavior. Stepwise multi-group path analysis demonstrated no cross-cultural differences in associations between quality of the parent-child relationship and problem behavior. We did not find any effects of maternal or paternal warmth. However, across samples conflict with mothers was associated with more internalizing and externalizing problem behavior, and conflict with fathers was associated with more externalizing problem behavior. Our findings highlight the need to target conflict with both fathers and mothers in interventions across different countries, especially when addressing externalizing problem behavior.     

Predictors of Boys’ ADHD Symptoms from Early to Middle Childhood: The Role of Father–Child and Mother–Child Interactions

This prospective 3 year longitudinal study investigated preschool paternal and maternal parenting predictors of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in a community sample of 93 school-age boys. Participants were recruited on the basis of inattention-hyperactivity at age 4 and fathers and mothers were observed interacting with their sons. Teachers, fathers, and mothers reported children's ADHD symptoms and impairment. Results from dimensional analysis showed that less observed paternal sensitivity and maternal positive regard predicted higher levels of inattentiveness in middle childhood, and that intrusive paternal behavior was predictive of hyperactive-impulsive behavior at school. In categorical analysis, less maternal warmth and sensitivity were predictive of later ADHD. These predictions held after statistical adjustment for the effects of preschool ADHD behaviors and conduct problems. At follow-up, parents of boys with ADHD reported more negative child-parent relationship perceptions than comparison parents. Findings highlight the importance of examining responsive parenting behaviors of both fathers and mothers in relation to multi-informant ratings of ADHD symptoms.     

Sibling relationship quality in early adolescence: child and maternal perceptions and daily interactions

Correspondence between child and maternal perceptions of sibling relationship quality (standards, actual ratings, problems) and children's reports of daily interactions were assessed in 40 early adolescent children (M age=11.5 yrs) and their mothers (n=32). Children completed the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Furman & Buhrmester, 1985. Child Development, 56, 448–461) and Daily Checklist ratings of sibling interactions for 14 days. Mothers completed the Parental Expectations and Perceptions of Children's Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (Kramer & Baron, 1995. Family Relations, 44, 95–103). Overall, findings revealed correspondence between child perceptions of sibling warmth and maternal ratings of standards, actual ratings, and problems in sibling warmth but not conflict and rivalry. Maternal and child perceptions of sibling relationship qualities were positively associated with children's reports of ongoing interactions. Finally, regression analyses identified unique maternal and child correlates for both happy and prosocial daily interactions. Findings are discussed in light of recent research and theory on family dynamics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Children's perceptions of the sibling relationship in middle childhood: Connections within and between family relationships

Although sibling warmth and hostility have been shown to be statistically independent, they are intertwined in children's everyday experiences. We developed a multidimensional characterization of children's perceptions of their sibling relationships and examined differences in other family relationship measures as a function of different combinations of sibling hostility and warmth. Participants included 91 firstborn children between 10 and 11 years of age with younger siblings between 6 and 10 years of age. Children reported their levels of satisfaction, intimacy, and rivalry in their sibling relationships and their satisfaction with parent-child relationships. Parents rated their marriages. As compared with children in families with “affect-intense” sibling relationships (high hostility/high warmth), children in “hostile” sibling relationships (high hostility/low warmth) rated their sibling and parent-child relationships more negatively, and their parents rated their marriages more negatively. Results are discussed in terms of the role of hostility in sibling experiences and the importance of understanding multidimensional patterns in the sibling relationship.     

学前儿童问题行为对父母抚养压力的影响及夫妻亲密的调节作用

研究旨在探讨学前儿童问题行为对父亲、母亲抚养压力的影响及夫妻亲密在其中的作用机制。采用儿童问题行为问卷、抚养压力量表和夫妻亲密量表对3164名学前儿童的父母进行测查。研究发现：（1）母亲抚养压力在学前儿童问题行为与父亲抚养压力之间起部分中介作用;（2）夫妻亲密调节母亲抚养压力对父亲抚养压力的作用,夫妻亲密越高,母亲抚养压力对父亲抚养压力的预测作用越强,学前儿童问题行为通过母亲抚养压力对父亲抚养压力的间接作用也越大。     

The Linkage Between Multiple Perspectives of the Marital Relationship and Preschoolers' Adjustment

We examined how children's, parents', and observers' perceptions of the marital relationship are linked with children's adjustment. Children's perceptions of the marital relationship were assessed using a new measure, the Interparental Relationship Interview for Children (IRIC). In the first phase of the study, 63 preschoolers, 63 mothers, and 56 fathers completed questionnaires assessing the interparental relationship. Teachers assessed the children's adjustment. In the second phase, 39 of the couples enacted a typical conflictual marital interaction. Findings established the reliability and validity of the IRIC and revealed that the IRIC uniquely contributes to the prediction of children's externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. Taken together, the different perspectives of the marital relationship explained 36% of the variance in children's externalizing behavior problems. These results suggest the promise of the IRIC and demonstrate the unique contribution of the young child's perspective.     

祖辈协同教养与幼儿错误信念理解能力的关系:亲子依恋与祖辈同住的作用

为考察祖辈协同教养与幼儿错误信念理解之间的关系以及幼儿亲子依恋的中介作用,采用方便抽样的方法,调查了某城市三所幼儿园345名小班至大班的祖辈协同教养幼儿及其家庭教养人。对幼儿使用操作任务考察错误信念理解能力,对其家庭教养人利用自陈式问卷收集家庭教养方式和亲子依恋等数据。结果显示：(1)祖辈协同教养类型显著影响幼儿的错误信念理解水平和亲子依恋,“有祖辈同住”协同教养幼儿的错误信念理解水平以及依恋的安全性均显著低于“无祖辈同住”协同教养幼儿;(2)亲子依恋在祖辈协同教养的民主信任和教养冲突两个维度与幼儿错误信念理解能力之间分别存在显著的中介作用;(3)祖辈协同教养类型在教养冲突、亲子依恋、错误信念理解能力的中介模型中起调节作用,在“有祖辈同住”条件下,协同教养冲突显著负向预测幼儿的亲子依恋安全感。     

Marriage, Parenting, and the Emergence of Early Self-Regulation in the Family System

The early years of toddlerhood mark the emergence of self-regulation and the child's ability to comply with parental requests. The current study examined young children's compliance and noncompliance in a family context by observing mothers, fathers, and two children in a family clean-up paradigm. Marital conflict and mutual responsiveness in the parent-child relationship were used as predictors of children's early self-regulation in an effort to explore risk and protective factors within the family. Several interactions between mother and father behavior as well as between marital conflict and parenting revealed how father-infant attachment moderates the effects of mother-infant attachment on children's compliance and how a close father-child relationship can protect children from the risks associated with high levels of marital conflict. Results indicate that future research on children's early self-regulation needs to be more systemic and move beyond the traditional mother-child dyadic context.     

父母教养方式影响学前儿童社会适应的追踪研究:自我控制的中介作用

采用追踪设计对439名儿童的父母进行问卷调查,旨在考察父母教养方式对学前儿童社会适应的影响及可能的中介机制。在第一年时,父母分别报告了自己的教养方式和儿童的社会适应;在第二年时,父母分别报告了儿童的自我控制和社会适应。研究结果表明：（1）父母权威型教养方式得分越高,孩子的社会适应越好,而父母专制型和放任型教养方式得分越高,孩子的社会适应越差;（2）自我控制能力高的孩子的亲社会行为更多,问题行为更少;（3）自我控制在母亲专制型教养方式与儿童违纪攻击和敏感合作间起完全中介作用,自我控制在父亲放任型教养方式与儿童违纪攻击和害羞焦虑间起完全中介作用。