无关言语影响老年人阅读过程的眼动研究

采用眼动记录技术考察有意义言语、无意义言语和安静环境对老年和青年读者篇章阅读和词汇加工过程的影响。结果发现:相比于安静和无意义言语条件,所有被试在有意义言语条件下的篇章阅读速度降低,平均注视时间更长,向前眼跳长度缩短,目标词上的总注视时间更长,表现出显著的无关言语效应,而这一效应不存在显著的年龄差异。结果表明,与青年人相同,老年人的后期词汇加工和篇章语义信息加工受到了无关言语中语义成分的干扰。说明在自然阅读过程中,老年人抑制背景言语语义信息干扰的能力与青年人相似。     

不同背景音对中文篇章阅读影响的眼动研究

采用眼动记录技术,考察不同背景音对中文篇章阅读和词汇加工的影响。结果发现：（1）与安静和白噪音背景相比,无关言语背景下的总阅读时间更长、阅读速度更慢、注视次数更多、平均眼跳幅度更小。（2）不同背景音下的首次注视时间和凝视时间无显著差异,而无关言语背景下的回视路径时间和总注视时间较白噪音条件下的更长。结果表明,无关言语干扰了读者的阅读过程,其语义成分和声学特征变化是干扰产生的重要原因;这种干扰体现在词汇加工中的语义整合阶段。     

无关言语对一年级小学生阅读影响的眼动研究

无关言语效应对成人阅读的影响已经得到证实,但是很少有研究探讨儿童阅读中的无关言语效应。为了考察汉语初学者的阅读中是否存在无关言语效应,本研究使用眼动仪记录阅读过程,考察四种不同的背景音(有意义言语、无意义言语、白噪音、安静)对一年级小学生句子阅读的影响。结果发现:与安静条件相比,有意义言语条件下句子的总阅读时间更长,注视次数和回视次数更多,眼跳幅度更大;局部分析发现,有意义言语条件下,汉字的总注视时间更长,首次注视时间和凝视时间在各种声音条件下没有显著差异。这表明儿童阅读中存在无关言语效应,而且有意义言语影响了词汇的晚期加工。     

无关言语对阅读的干扰基于内容还是过程？——来自眼动研究的证据

采用眼动追踪技术,考察无关言语对句子材料相同的自然阅读和校对阅读的影响,探讨无关言语对阅读的干扰机制是基于内容还是过程。结果发现,有意义言语显著干扰了正常的阅读行为,而无意义言语与无背景音条件不存在显著差异。并且背景言语类型与任务类型的交互作用显著,表现为言语的语义成分只干扰了自然阅读,而对校对阅读没有影响。实验结果支持过程干扰假说。     

中文词汇加工过程中的无关言语效应

通过两个词汇识别任务,考察词汇加工过程中的无关言语效应。实验1采用真假词判断任务,考察有意义言语、无意义言语、白噪音和安静的背景声音对不同具体性的词汇识别的影响。结果发现,仅有意义言语干扰了词汇识别,且主要体现在对低具体性词汇判断的反应时显著增加。实验2采用了语义范畴判断任务,同样发现有意义言语条件下被试的反应时显著大于其他声音条件。结果表明,中文词汇加工过程中存在无关言语效应,且当任务强调语义加工时,干扰主要源于无关言语的语义成分,支持了语义干扰假说。     

道德文本阅读中预期推理的许可效应的眼动研究

元分析表明道德许可效应具有一定的普遍性。为了直接检验这种效应作为认知偏差是否影响道德信息预期推理,本研究结合眼动追踪技术,比较了高/低善良被试在启动积极道德自我前后,阅读道德主题故事结果句的差异。阅读速度的眼动指标表明,启动主效应显著,积极道德结果的预期显著减弱,消极道德结果的预期显著增强,而且善良特质不能抑制这些倾向。这表明启动积极道德自我,会导致道德材料阅读加工速度产生许可效应。     

英语文章阅读过程中的文章标记效应研究

该研究通过三个实验探讨高职生英语阅读的文章标记效应。实验一探讨文章标记对阅读英语长、短文章的影响,结果发现文章标记对英语长文章主题信息保持的促进作用大于对英语短文章主题信息的促进作用。实验二以EyelinkⅡ型眼动仪为工具,考察被试阅读有、无标记文章的主题句的眼动模式的差异,结果发现被试阅读这两类主题句的眼动模式存在显著差异。实验三考察对被试进行文章结构策略训练对文章标记效应的影响,结果发现训练促进了被试对无标记英语长文章主题信息的保持,研究结果支持策略转换假设。     

消失文本条件下词的预测性效应的眼动研究

通过考察消失文本条件下的词的预测性效应,探讨影响中文阅读眼动模式的控制因素,为中文阅读的眼动控制理论提供实证证据。以28名大学生为被试,在被试阅读实验句的同时记录其眼动轨迹。被注视的词的呈现时间设为80ms,在这种特殊的实验情境下,考察中文阅读眼动模式的影响因素。以词的预测性为自变量,以被试对目标词的首次注视时间、凝视时间和总注视时间为因变量。结果发现,在消失文本条件下,出现了显著的预测性效应。结果支持眼动的认知控制模型。     

阅读理解中汉语量词的眼动特点分析

采用眼动记录技术探讨被试阅读不同汉语量词的即时加工过程。考查名量词和动量词,以及名量词内部的差异。结果发现:(1)被试在阅读理解过程中对名量词和动量词的眼动特点存在显著差异,名量词获得更多的加工;(2)被试在阅读理解过程中对不同名量词的眼动特点也存在显著差异,个体量词比集合量词和临时量词获得更少的加工。由此可知,不同量词在阅读理解中的信息加工难度是不同的,对于篇章理解而言,其信息含量和信息的重要性也是不同的。     

阅读任务中无关言语效应的作用机制:干扰基于内容还是过程?

无关言语效应是指视觉认知任务受到同时呈现的背景言语干扰的现象。阅读任务中无关言语效应作用机制的争论主要存在于内容干扰假说和过程干扰假说之间。两种假说的分歧主要涉及对无关言语特征、认知任务类型以及二者关系等三方面的理论认识。现有的实证研究普遍支持过程干扰假说。未来研究可从阅读任务中无关言语效应的影响因素、影响阶段以及结合脑成像和眼动追踪技术等方面来进行。     

不相关言语对视觉觉察的影响

前人多在记忆层面探讨不相关言语效应(the Irrelevant Speech Effect, ISE), 而本文选择在意识觉察(conscious awareness)阶段观察这一现象。所有实验均采用视觉掩蔽及听觉输入不相关声音的视听交互方式。实验1在安静、纯音及不相关言语3种听觉背景下让被试对简单图片做视觉觉察判断, 结果发现不相关言语干扰了视觉觉察, 而纯音则未产生干扰。实验2在相同的3种听觉背景下要求被试对复杂图片做视觉觉察判断, 结果同实验1。实验3采用事件相关电位技术, 在同样的3种听觉背景下观察被试对简单图片做视觉觉察判断时的脑电变化, 结果发现不相关言语干扰了视觉觉察负波的形成, 验证了行为学研究的结果。本文结果表明不相干言语在视觉意识觉察阶段就对被试的行为产生了干扰。     

Does irrelevant music cause an irrelevant sound effect for auditory items?

The irrelevant sound effect (ISE) describes the significant reduction in verbal serial recall during irrelevant sounds with distinct temporal-spectral variations (changing-state sound). Whereas the ISE is well-documented for the serial recall of visual items accompanied by irrelevant speech and nonspeech sounds, an ISE caused by nonspeech sounds has not been reported for auditory items. Closing this empirical gap, Experiment 1 (n=90) verified that instrumental staccato-music reduces auditory serial recall compared to legato-music and silence. Its detrimental impact was not due to perceptual masking, disturbed encoding, or increased listening effort, as the employed experimental design and methods ensured. The found nonspeech ISE in auditory serial recall is corroborated by Experiment 1b (n=60), which, by using the same experimental design and methods, replicated the well-known ISE during irrelevant changing-state speech compared to steady-state speech, pink noise, and silence.     

工作记忆中的语音回路对汉语阅读理解的影响

语音回路是工作记忆中一个重要的组成部分,主要负责加工和存储语音信息。采用混合实验设计,以正确数和反应时 为指标,汉语语篇为阅读材料,探讨工作记忆中的语音回路对汉语阅读理解的影响。本研究包括两个实验,实验一采用发音抑制的范式,结合错误干扰考察了语音回路中的发音复述装置对汉语阅读理解的影响;实验二采用无关言语的范式,结合错误干扰考察了语音回路中的语音存储装置对汉语阅读理解的影响。结果表明：(1)通过发音抑制和无关言语的方法证明,语音回路中的发音复述装置和语音存储装置在汉语阅读理解中起着重要作用。(2) 字音和字形都影响汉语的阅读理解,但字形比字音起着更大的作用,而且它们的作用机制也不相同,字音直接进入语音存储装置,而字形要经过字音的转换进入语音存储装置。(3) 词频与语音回路有密切关系,语音回路中的发音复述装置的作用在高频词上有明显的表现。(4) 词频与字形、字音也有密切关系,在低频词的条件下,字形的作用大于字音的作用     

Disruption of visual short-term memory by changing-state auditory stimuli: The role of segmentation

Typically, serial recall performance can be disrupted by the presence of an irrelevant stream of background auditory stimulation, but only if the background stream changes over time (the auditory changing-state effect). It was hypothesized that segmentation of the auditory stream is necessary for changing state to be signified. In Experiment 1, continuous random pitch glides failed to disrupt serial recall, but glides interrupted regularly by silence brought about the usual auditory changing-state effect. In Experiment 2, a physically continuous stream of synthesized vowel sounds was found to have disruptive effects. In Experiment 3, the technique of auditory induction showed that preattentive organization rather than critical features of the sound could account for the disruption by glides. With pitch glides, silence plays a preeminent role in the temporal segmentation of the sound stream, but speech contains corr-elated-time-varying changes in frequency and amplitude that make silent intervals superfluous.     

Effects of Irrelevant Sounds on Phonological Coding in Reading Comprehension and Short term Memory

The effects of irrelevant sounds on reading comprehension and short-term memory were studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, adults judged the acceptability of written sentences during irrelevent speech, accompanied and unaccompanied singing, instrumental music, and in silence. Sentences varied in syntactic complexity: Simple sentences contained a right-branching relative clause ( The applause pleased the woman that gave the speech ) and syntactically complex sentences included a centre-embedded relative clause ( The hay that the farmer stored fed the hungry animals ). Unacceptable sentences either sounded acceptable ( The dog chased the cat that eight up all his food ) or did not ( The man praised the child that sight up his spinach ). Decision accuracy was impaired by syntactic complexity but not by irrelevant sounds. Phonological coding was indicated by increased errors on unacceptable sentences that sounded correct. These error rates were unaffected by irrelevant sounds. Experiment 2 examined effects of irrelevant sounds on ordered recall of phonologically similar and dissimilar word lists. Phonological similarity impaired recall. Irrelevant speech reduced recall but did not interact with phonological similarity. The results of these experiments question assumptions about the relationship between speech input and phonological coding in reading and the short-term store.     

词频与阅读方式对词跨行呈现效应的影响

通过使用眼动追踪技术,采用2（呈现条件：同行呈现、跨行呈现）×2（词频：高频、低频）×2（阅读方式：朗读、默读）的被试内实验设计,探讨了词频和阅读方式对词跨行呈现效应的影响。结果发现,呈现条件、词频和阅读方式的主效应显著,跨行呈现、低频和朗读的凝视时间和总注视时间更长、总注视次数更多;呈现条件之间在凝视时间上的差异,高频词大于低频词;呈现条件之间在凝视时间和总注视次数上的差异,朗读大于默读。结果表明,词跨行呈现干扰了阅读,且这种干扰作用受词频和阅读方式的影响。     

Can the irrelevant speech effect turn into a stimulus suffix effect?

The irrelevant sound effect (ISE) and the stimulus suffix effect (SSE) are two qualitatively different phenomena, although in both paradigms irrelevant auditory material is played while a verbal serial recall task is being performed. Jones, Macken, and Nicholls (2004) have proposed the effect of irrelevant speech on auditory serial recall to switch from an ISE to an SSE mechanism, if the auditory-perceptive similarity of relevant and irrelevant material is maximized. The experiment reported here (n = 36) tested this hypothesis by exploring auditory serial recall performance both under irrelevant speech and under speech suffix conditions. These speech materials were spoken either by the same voice as the auditory items to be recalled or by a different voice. The experimental conditions were such that the likelihood of obtaining an SSE was maximized. The results, however, show that irrelevant speech—in contrast to speech suffixes—affects auditory serial recall independently of its perceptive similarity to the items to be recalled and thus in terms of an ISE mechanism that crucially extends to recency. The ISE thus cannot turn into an SSE.