行为矫正及其在工业组织中的应用

行为矫正是在组织中进行的以操作条件反射理论为基础的动机激发活动,它作为一种直接有效地改进组织成员工作行为和绩效的技术手段,近年来在组织管理活动中巳得到越来越多的重视和应用。行为矫正的基本原理可追溯到商代克(1905)提出的行为效果律,商代克认为行为的结果如果是个体所愿望的或者能带来一定的愉快,个体将产生重复该行为的驱力和活动;而当行为的结果是不希望的或令人不快的,则该行为很少再次发生,往往趋向改变或停熄。斯金钠的操作条件反射理论(1953)为行为矫正研究奠定了一般性的心理学     

亲环境行为影响因素的系统整合模型及启示

近10年来,对亲环境行为前因变量的研究逐渐从行为主体的个体内部因素转向行为相关的社会外部因素。本文对影响亲环境行为的个体、群体以及社会层面的相关变量之间的影响机制进行了系统的梳理,在此基础上提出包含微观(个体内部因素)、中观及宏观(外部情境因素)不同层次的前因变量,并对亲环境意愿与行为加以区分的系统整合模型。根据该模型的理论框架,指出未来对亲环境行为研究的具体方向及对我国环保工作的启示。     

抑制贬值效应: 抑制控制对个体情绪感受的影响

对刺激或刺激表征的注意、反应或回忆进行抑制, 导致随后对该刺激的价值评估出现降低,这种现象被称作抑制贬值效应.目前, 对该效应产生原因的理论解释主要有抑制贬值假说和行为刺激交互理论.抑制贬值效应的主要影响因素包括抑制强度、工作记忆负荷和对刺激物原有价值的知觉水平.对于该效应神经机制的研究重点关注额中回、眶额皮层和杏仁核...     

返回抑制的空间、视网膜和客体参照系

返回抑制是指当刺激出现在先前注意过的位置(或客体)时,人们的加工效率降低的一种抑制性注意机制。该注意机制对个体有适应性价值,它能够降低注意返回先前注意过的位置(或客体)的概率(PosnerCohen,1984),从而提高视觉采样(或搜索)的效率(Klein,1988)。返回抑制的参照系是返回抑制领域的重要理论问题。先前研究发现返回抑制的参照系可以是视网膜、空间和客体。本文介绍了返回抑制参照系研究的实验范式以及相关的行为、脑损伤及神经影像发现。此外,本文还就未来研究的方向和应该注意的问题进行了探讨。     

信念-愿望推理中的抑制加工

在Leslie的心理理论机制选择加工模型(ToMM-SP)理论的基础上,本研究探讨信念-愿望推理任务中抑制是如何加工的,并验证Leslie提出的两个抑制模型。采用三地点双重抑制任务,对216名4~6岁儿童实施两个实验。分别考察心理定势及三个地点公平性这两个因素对儿童选择偏好的影响。结果表明,两种因素都对儿童的表现有影响。消除了这两个因素的影响后,儿童的表现符合返回抑制模型的假说,即儿童在回避愿望的错误信念任务中的抑制加工是系列的。     

对威胁刺激的碰撞时间估计

对靠近运动刺激的碰撞时间(time-to-collision, TTC)估计具有重要的进化意义。为了解释个体如何进行TTC估计, 研究者提出了结构主义理论、生态光学理论和tau理论等, 也考察了影响TTC估计的部分因素。近年的研究通过比较个体对威胁刺激和非威胁刺激的TTC估计, 考察了刺激的情绪相关属性对TTC估计的影响。结果表明, 相比于自然非威胁刺激(如兔子等图片), 个体会低估自然威胁刺激(如蛇等图片)的TTC, 但这种TTC的低估在社会威胁刺激(如愤怒面孔图片)上有时很小甚至不显著。个体低估TTC可能存在三种原因：(1)个体对威胁刺激具有特异性反应; (2)威胁刺激具有较高的情绪唤醒度; (3)个体对威胁刺激具有心理距离更近和运动速度更快的知觉偏差。未来研究可以进一步考察在社会威胁刺激上表现出的TTC低估效应不稳定的原因; 探索威胁刺激TTC估计中的自主生理反应和神经机制; 采用虚拟现实技术进行威胁刺激TTC估计的研究; 在实验设计中考虑性别和人格特质等个体因素的影响。     

正念训练对冲动性不同要素的影响：基于双加工理论

正念是指对当下身心体验不带有评判地觉察。基于双加工理论,以正念为核心的训练对个体冲动性不同要素均具有明显干预效果。一方面,有助于降低因情感系统引发的冲动驱力：通过调整个体的奖赏评估与预期,缓和诱发冲动的压力与负性情绪反应,减弱自动化反应的联结和强度;另一方面,提升个体由认知控制系统调节的冲动控制力：增强个体的认知控制和行为抑制能力。由于冲动性驱动因素和控制因素二者加工时序的先后差异和作用方向对抗性特点,正念训练促进两类要素的积极交互影响,缩小冲动性“驱动”与“控制”力量之间的不平衡,为个体更好地回应自身反应与外界刺激提供了有利缓冲,是降低个体冲动性的有效干预手段。     

敬畏的亲社会效应：小我与真我的作用

敬畏是一种对浩瀚的刺激以及现有心理结构无法适应的刺激的情感反应。大量实证证据显示,敬畏可以促进各种形式的亲社会行为。至于其中的心理机制,小我假说认为,诱发敬畏体验的浩瀚刺激会导致自我的渺小感,推动个体的注意力从自我转移至他人,进而促进了亲社会行为;真我假说则认为,敬畏有助于促进个体的注意力从日常的世俗关注向更大的精神存在转移,激发了个体对其真实自我的追求,进而促进了亲社会行为。小我与真我假说可以在“大二”框架下进行整合,即敬畏在自我的能动维度(真我)和共生维度(小我)上通过两条平行的路径促进亲社会行为的产生。未来研究需要更深入地探讨敬畏的亲社会效应的心理机制,并在此基础上开发出促进捐赠等亲社会行为的干预措施,以期为第三次分配战略的有效实施提供心理学方案。     

青少年独处偏好与内化行为问题的关系：一个有调节的中介模型

为探讨青少年独处偏好与内化行为问题的关系及反刍思维和学段在其中的作用,本研究构建了一个有调节的中介模型。采用自我报告方式对山东和上海地区三所学校的6年级至11年级共767名青少年进行测查。结果显示：(1)独处偏好可以正向预测内化行为问题;(2)反刍思维在独处偏好与内化行为问题之间起部分中介作用;(3)学段调节了独处偏好通过反刍思维影响内化行为问题中介作用的前半路径。相对于高中生,独处偏好更容易通过初中生的反刍思维影响内化行为问题。研究结果不仅可以从反刍思维与年龄关系的角度为独处偏好个体的内化行为问题提供解释,而且对改变个体认知和提高其适应能力具有实践启示意义。     

儿童行为抑制的生理机制研究述评

行为抑制指儿童不愿意接近陌生刺激,并带有害羞、恐惧和焦虑等消极情绪的气质类型,具有中等程度的稳定性和特定生理基础,对儿童日后情绪和行为发展具有较大影响。与非行为抑制个体相比,在特定的刺激条件下,行为抑制个体的杏仁核、纹状体和右前额区域的激活水平可能较高,心率和可的松水平也倾向于较高。目前,研究者已结合行为和生理学方法来探讨行为抑制的生理机制,取得了一些重要的进展。但是,也存在一些问题有待于进一步探讨。     

Psychological determinants of walking in a Brazilian sample: An application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Encouraging the use of active travel modes, such as walking or cycling, can contribute to the negative impacts of car overuse, such as sedentarism and obesity, improving individuals' health. Thus, it is important to verify under which circumstances people are willing to use healthier travel modes. A frequently used model to understand walking behavior is Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior, and its extension, the Expanded Theory of Planned Behavior. Although this topic is widely investigated across the world, it is understudied in Brazilian culture. This study reports the psychological determinants of walking behavior in three Brazilian cities, indicating which theoretical model better fits the data: The Theory of Planned Behavior versus Extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Some 3296 residents of Distrito Federal, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre answered a 10-item scale. The face-to-face questionnaires were conducted in the participants’ residence. Most of the respondents were women, with age ranging from 18 to 101 years old. Structural Equation Modeling indicated the Theory of Planned Behavior be more powerful to explain walking behavior than the Expanded Theory of Planned Behavior. Perceived behavioral control and intention were the best predictors of walking. Results indicate that adding variables to the original model not always leads to better goodness of fit indices, suggesting that the components of the Theory of Planned Behavior are satisfactory to explain walking behavior in the Brazilian sample analyzed in this study.     

Understanding AIDS preventive behavior with casual and primary partners in homosexual men: The theory of planned behavior and the information-motivation-behavioral-skills model

Abstract

This study examined whether components from the Information-Motivation-Behavioral-Skills Model, in particular information, added explanatory power to factors derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior with respect to predicting AIDS-preventive behaviors among gay men. Participants were recruited from a longstanding cohort study in Amsterdam. Multivariate regression analyses showed that concepts from the Theory of Planned Behavior could account adequately for intentions to use condoms with casual as well as with steady partners. Actual behavior was best predicted by past behavior. In addition, structural equation modeling demonstrated that the causal paths as posited by Theory of Planned Behavior had a good fit to the data. From the presented findings implications for preventive interventions can be drawn. Specifically, interventions to increase condom use with casual partners need to focus at improving perceived behavioral control regarding this behavior, for instance through skills training. Interventions aimed at safer sex within steady relationships should take into account that the HIV-status of the individual and his partner plays an important role in the occurrence of unprotected anal sex in a romantic dyad.     

空气污染对个体直接和溢出行为的影响

空气污染对行为影响的研究日渐丰富, 且大致分为两个方向:一是与环境健康有关的直接行为, 二是与之无直接相关的社会行为(溢出行为)。基于此, 在回顾空气污染对两种行为影响研究的同时, 进一步综述了用于解释直接行为产生机制的计划行为理论和健康行动过程取向模型, 以及用于解释社会行为机制的焦虑与自我损耗。而更全面的探究现象背后的机制有助于发现更多有效应对空气污染的举措, 未来的研究可以采用更多纵向的研究范式、增加对行为机制的探究, 从而改善人们的风险应对行为。     

Reflections on Christian Education

During the school year of 1994–1995 students (n = 1611) attending Seventh-day Adventist high schools in the United States of America completed questionnaires designed to assess their HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and behaviors. AIDS-related behavioral intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control were also assessed according to the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1989). The rates of the sexual and drug-use behaviors measured in this population are lower than for students who attend public high schools. Increased risk for participating in sexual intercourse, the key AIDS-risk behavior in youth, was associated with the students' substance use and also by their parents' use of substances. Measurements designed in accord with the Theory of Planned Behavior revealed that students most relied on spiritual strength and encouragement from teachers to manage their control over premarital sexual intercourse.     

Future-oriented emotions in the prediction of binge-drinking intention and expectation: the role of anticipated and anticipatory emotions

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) offers a parsimonious explanation of purposive behavior, but in the study of healthy and risk behaviors its sufficiency may be questioned. Working with binge-drinking, a very common risk behavior in Spanish undergraduate students, we used two strategies for improving predictions from TPB: using behavioral intention (BI) and behavioral expectation (BE) as proximal antecedents of behaviors and adding as new predictors two future-oriented emotions (anticipated and anticipatory). Hierarchical regression analyses show that while anticipated emotions improved TPB explanations of BI, anticipatory emotions improved the explanations of BE. The present results show the influence of future emotions in the prediction of behavioral intention and behavioral expectation.     

Predicting and understanding behavioral volitions: the interplay between goals and behaviors

In traditional attitude research behavioral volitions have been usually considered in isolation from the broader context that justify their formation. Most behaviors are functional to goal achievement and can be better understood and predicted by considering relevant constructs at the goal level. The interplay between behaviors and goals is the focus of this study. Constructs specified by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) are examined together with constructs proposed by the Model of Goal‐directed Behavior (MGB) and two further goal constructs (goal desires and goal perceived feasibility). These theoretical ideas are tested on a sample of 104 students having a goal for body weight regulation or for studying effort. The results indicate that the inclusion of distal goal‐related constructs significantly improve the prediction of behavioral volitions, over and above the prediction based on behavior‐related constructs. The MGB and an extended model outperform the TPB and show substantial predictive power. The implications of the findings for research on behaviors and goals are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Predicting Mothers' Intentions to Limit Frequency of Infants' Sugar Intake: Testing the Theory of Planned Behavior1

This study examines the ability of the Theory of Planned Behavior to account for mothers' intentions to limit the frequency of their infants' sugar consumption. One group of mothers (experimental) was exposed to a dental health education program designed to promote this behavior, the other (control) group was not. Each group of mothers was interviewed twice; the intervention was delivered to mothers in the experimental group immediately after their first interview. The interviews incorporated measures of the key constructs in the Theory of Planned Behavior (attitudes to behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intentions). Results indicated that the addition of perceived behavioral control resulted in small but significant increments in the amount of explained variance in intentions, thereby supporting the theory. Although the change in intentions to perform the advocated behavior was not significantly greater in the experimental group than in the control group, there was a significant change in attitudes to the behavior in the experimental group but no such change in the control group. Moreover, amount of change in behavioral intentions was significantly correlated with amount of change in attitudes, but not with amount of change in subjective norms or perceived behavioral control. Analysis of behavioral beliefs indicated that the attitude change reflected a change in a specific behavioral belief that was targeted in the intervention. Further analyses focused on the role played by direct experience of the behavior and show that such experience tended to enhance the role of perceived behavioral control in intention formation, apparently because mothers who have older children have discovered that they have relatively little control over frequency of child's sugar consumption. The implication of these results for the Theory of Planned Behavior are discussed.     

Differences in smoking attitudes of adolescents and young adults

This study employed the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine the differences between adolescent (n = 182) and young adults (n = 209) in their intention to smoke and examined possible differences. Analysis showed that young adults had more positive self-reported attitudes toward smoking than adolescents, had higher intentions to smoke, lower perceived behavioral control over smoking and perceived they were more informed about smoking. The Theory of Planned Behavior provided good prediction of intention for both young adults (R2 = .70, attitudes, information, and past behavior significant) and adolescents (R2 = .68, attitudes, past behavior significant). For both samples attitudes were the strongest predictor of intentions to smoke. Implications for understanding intention toward smoking between adolescents and young adults are discussed.     

Physically active students' intentions and self-efficacy towards healthy eating

This study investigated intentions and self-efficacy of physically active university students towards healthy eating. The application of Planned Behavior theory has shown that attitudes, intention, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms play an important role in shaping people's behavior. 96 students, who participated in physical activities, voluntarily completed the Questionnaire for the Planned Behavior Model and the Health Behavior Questionnaire. The former examines attitudes, intentions, perceived behavioral control, and the lately added attitude strength, and role identity towards the behavior factors. The latter assesses one's efficacy expectations towards healthy eating. The regression showed strong associations between the examined variables, signifying that attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and role identity could account for one's intention towards healthy eating behaviors. On the other hand, one's self-efficacy for healthy eating could be explained from the attitudes, intention, perceived behavioral control, and attitude strength held. Overall, systematic participation in physical activities appeared to be accompanied with a relatively healthier diet, while self-efficacy had a significant association with maintaining the healthy eating behaviors. Possible interpretations, limitations, and implications for health professionals are discussed.     

Untangling the Theory of Planned Behavior's auxiliary assumptions and theoretical assumptions: Implications for predictive and intervention studies

It has been asserted that the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is better at behavioral prediction than it is behavioral change. However, the performance of a theory depends not only on the theoretical propositions, but the auxiliary assumptions attached to the theory. It is because of such auxiliary assumptions, which are required to bridge the gap between nonobservational terms at the level of theory and the observational terms at the level of the empirical hypothesis, that we believe critiques of the TPB's utility are misguided. We argue that a failure to separate theoretical assumptions from auxiliary assumptions leads to this false assumption. We suggest the importance of distinguishing between the auxiliary assumptions required for prediction studies and the auxiliary assumptions required for intervention studies. We believe that in attaching sound auxiliary assumptions to intervention studies, the TPB is equally effective at facilitating behavior change as it is behavior prediction.