听写障碍儿童的字形输出错误特点

阅读正常而听写落后的听写障碍是一种特殊的学习障碍类型,相关研究非常缺乏.本研究首先根据听写错误分类,考察了听写障碍儿童在认读正确的听写错误中,各种错误类型分布特点.发现,(1)对于所有被试来说,零反应都是一种主要的错误形态;(2)听写障碍被试的零反应比例明显高于总体平均成绩.为了进一步考察障碍组较高零反应的原因,本研究考察了字形提示对听写成绩的影响.结果,(3)障碍组被试的提示有效率明显高于对照组.这表明,听写障碍儿童形音表征联结的缺陷可能是导致大量的零反应的主要原因.     

浅谈小学识字教学策略——基于“汉字听写大会”的举办

今年，首届“中国汉字听写大会”风靡全国。本文试探比赛的意义，对我国小学识字教学进行反思，并提出识字教学的相关策略，探究如何将汉字构字规律与学生的认知规律有机结合起来，从而提高学生识字水平。     

听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点

听写困难是指儿童能够认读不能听写的现象。本研究以部件启动和整字启动任务中的探测字命名反应时差值,作为整体字形加工水平的指标,间接考察了听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点。结果发现,听写对照组被试的整体字形加工在呈现时间为75 ms和300 ms时发生,而在150 ms时没有发生;听写困难组被试的整体字形加工仅在75 ms时发生,而在150 ms和300 ms时未发生。两组被试在75 ms时的整体字形加工水平之间没有显著差异。结果表明,听写困难被试仅仅在早期知觉阶段存在整体字形加工,而在词汇加工阶段的整体字形加工缺乏或延迟。     

主体与主导的关系——谈低年级的识字教学

识字是阅读与写作的基础,是1—2年级的语文教学重点,更是整个小学语文教学的前提。整个小学阶段要求认识约3500个生字,1-2年级就要求认识常用汉字1700—1800个。《小学语文教学大纲》提出“识字教学要教给学生识字方法,培养识字能力。”《语文新课程标准》指出识字教学要使学生“喜欢学习汉字,有主动识字的愿望”。“要珍视学生独特的感受、体验和理解”。语文是一门基础学科,识字教学是基础中的重点。识字过程是一件十分枯燥的工作,兴趣是最好的老师,它能把枯燥的识字教学变得轻松有趣。孩子知道掌握汉字的重要性,并对识字产生积极的兴趣,他就能自觉地去学习并掌握汉字的音、形、义。在我的识字教学课堂中,我重视激发孩子的识字兴趣,培养孩子的识字能力。     

充分加工条件下听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点

听写困难是指儿童能够认读不能听写的现象。前期研究表明,在快速加工条件下,听写困难儿童存在整体字形加工缺陷。本研究使用学习-回忆方法,考察在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童的整体字形加工特点。实验结果表明,在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童不仅能够加工并形成双部件合体字的整体字形表征;而且,也能够在同字形组织水平上,形成多部件合体字的整体字形表征。因此,在充分加工条件下,听写困难儿童的整体字形加工能力正常。     

立足“研学后教”——浅谈小学低年级识字教学

语文是一门基础学科,识字也是小学低年级的教学重点,是学生提高阅读能力的基础。识字教学的最根本目的是培养学生的识字能力。国家督学柳斌指出：“真正要把小学抓好,还要从识字教学抓起。”可见低年级教学的重要。《语文课程标准》也指出：低年级识字教学的目标,首先是要让学生“喜欢学习汉字,有主动识字的愿望”。我们在教学中,采用可以多样化的教学方法,充分发挥学生的自主性,调动学生的多种感官参与学习,激发孩子识字兴趣,教给孩子识字方法,培养孩子识字能力,带给学生学习语文的乐趣。做到使孩子对枯燥的汉字教学产生浓厚的兴趣并增强自我识字的能力,达到识字的目的。     

立足儿童立场,探寻“融合式”识字教学路径

<正>《义务教育语文课程标准(2011版)》指出,“识字、写字是阅读和写作的基础,是第一学段的教学重点,也是贯穿整个义务教育阶段的重要教学内容。”由此可见,识字与写字在语文教学中的重要地位。识字教学的对象,是学生,尤其是低段的学生,那么,在开展识字教学的过程中,教师首先要能立足儿童立场,从学生的角度出发,站在学生的立场上,思考“识什么字”“怎么识字”,真切地落实“双减”政策,增效课堂效率,     

不同编码对听写困难儿童字形记忆的促进效应

听写困难是一种发生率较高的儿童学习障碍现象。实验考察笔画语音编码和动作编码对听写困难儿童字形记忆水平的影响。结果发现, 笔画语音编码对听写困难儿童的字形记忆成绩没有明显影响, 但却明显促进了正常儿童的字形记忆成绩; 与之相对, 动作编码对正常儿童的字形记忆成绩没有明显影响, 但却明显促进了听写困难儿童的字形记忆成绩。上述现象, 既可能源于编码加工阶段, 也可能源于字形表征的提取阶段。     

汉语拼音教学的几点反思

自1958年《汉语拼音方案》颁布实施以来,汉语拼音对推广普通话,帮助学生自主识字,提升语文教学质量起到了基础性的作用.汉语拼音使学生自主识字和提前阅读变成现实,被称为学生识字的“拐杖”.它是学生学习普通话,并能用普通话阅读、表达的重要工具.因此,让学生学习掌握好汉语拼音这个工具就显得尤为重要.几十年来,汉语拼音教学都被作为小学语文教学中的一个重要内容.学生为了学好汉语拼音,也花了大量的时间和精力.     

双语儿童语音意识与词汇认读关系的研究

通过平行语音和词汇加工任务。对64名双语儿童英汉两种语言语音意识和词汇认读能力进行了双向测查。结果表明：双语儿童在两种语言不同语音意识和词汇认读之间存在跨语言的多重相关;在对其英语和汉语词汇认读能力的预测中,汉语音节辨认和英语音素识别均为重要的指标,表明语音意识对词汇认读能力具有跨语言的双向预测作用。     

PATTERNS OF EXPERIENCE AND THE ACQUISITION OF CONSERVATION OF LENGTH

The effects of five procedures on the acquisition of conservation of length were studied. A Müller-Lyer illusion was used to induce apparent changes in length in the test- and practice-situations. Two procedures involved practice on addition-subtraction, one a progressive increase in the strength of the Müller-Lyer illusion, and one the anticipation of the outcome of displacements of the objects. A fifth procedure was a composite of the other four. The results showed some acquisitions in all groups, with highest frequency in the anticipation group, and lowest in the increase-in-illusion group.     

不同年龄广告名人效应的心理加工机制研究

本研究从自动化加工和控制性加工这个视角研究了名人效应的心理加工机制。实验运用加工分离程序,探讨了不同年龄阶段的受众对名人广告的信息加工模式。结果发现：(1)名人效应是一个普遍存在的现象,与用一般消费者做代言人相比,青少年、成年人(大学生)以及老年人对名人广告均明显存在更多的自动化加工,且加工水平没有年龄差异。但是,老年人的控制性加工明显低于其他两组;(2)在非注意条件下,代言人的专业化程度明显地影响了大学生组的控制性加工,但与各组被试的自动化加工都关系不大。这些研究发现为广告策略的制定带来了一些新的启示。     

JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM: A COMPARISON OF THE SUBTLETY OF SEXISM MEASURES AND SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN JUDGMENTS OF SEXISM

We compared the subtlety of four measures of sexism and sources of variation in male and female psychology students' judgments that beliefs from these scales and everyday behaviors were sexist. Participants judged traditional gender role and hostile sexist beliefs as more sexist than benevolent and modern sexist beliefs, indicating the latter were more subtle measures of sexism. Participants also judged traditional gender role behaviors as more sexist than unwanted sexual attention, suggesting the latter may less readily be identified as sexist. Variation in judgments of beliefs as sexist was related to differences in likelihood of endorsing such beliefs. This relation fully accounted for the tendency for men to be less likely to judge beliefs as sexist in comparison to women. Endorsement of Modern and Hostile Sexist beliefs was related to judgments of behaviors as sexist. The implications of the results for scale usage and identifying sexist behavior are discussed.     

ON THE EFFECTS OF NONCONTINGENT DELIVERY OF DIFFERING MAGNITUDES OF REINFORCEMENT

We conducted a parametric analysis of response suppression associated with different magnitudes of noncontingent reinforcement (NCR). Participants were 5 adults with severe or profound mental retardation who engaged in a manual response that was reinforced on variable-ratio schedules during baseline. Participants were then exposed to NCR via multielement and reversal designs. The fixed-time schedules were kept constant while the magnitude of the reinforcing stimulus was varied across three levels (low, medium, and high). Results showed that high-magnitude NCR schedules produced large and consistent reductions in response rates, medium-magnitude schedules produced less consistent and smaller reductions, and low-magnitude schedules produced little or no effect on responding. These results suggest that (a) NCR affects responding by altering an establishing operation (i.e., attenuating a deprivation state) rather than through extinction, and (b) magnitude of reinforcement is an important variable in determining the effectiveness of NCR.     

SOME NORMATIVE IMPLICATIONS OF KORSGAARD'S THEORY OF THE INTERSUBJECTIVITY OF REASON

Abstract: This article argues that Christine Korsgaard's conception of self‐constitution can be historicized by considering the impact of actual humans on our reflective activity. Because Korsgaard bases her argument on a philosophy of action rather than of intention (as Kant does), and our actions must always be concrete, the article argues that the principles for action which we develop in reflection are likewise responses to concrete human demands. It further interprets the types of demands humans make on each other as the expression of historical circumstance rather than as transcendentally anchored. The notion of universal respect that reflection seeks to achieve is thus seen as developing by a self‐correcting process of concrete human interaction. Finally, the article concludes that there can be no metaphysical proof of morality, since morality develops through human interaction that seeks to approximate the idea of respect for persons.     

大学生自尊发展的特点

采用自编《大学生自尊评定问卷》,探讨1104名大学生自尊发展的特点。结果表明：（1）随着年级的增长大学生自尊呈稳定发展趋势,重要感、胜任感、归属感三个维度上表现出显著的年级差异。（2）大学生自尊发展存在着显著的性别差异,男生发展水平显著高于女生,性别差异主要体现在归属感维度。（3）文科生外表感维度得分显著高于理科生,独生子女、城市学生以及学生干部在自尊总分及其三个维度得分显著高于非独生子女、农村学生以及非学生干部。