Validation of selected MMPI-2 basic and content scales

To investigate whether some of the MMPI-2 basic and/or content scales measure the factor structure represented by the Big-Five, 288 undergraduates (178 women and 110 men), between the ages of 18 and 34 years, were administered MMPI-2 and MARS (Michill Adjective Rating Scale) which measures four factors that are conceptually similar to the first four of the Big-Five. It was hypothesized that (a) three MMPI-2 scales (basicDepression or D, contentAnxiety or ANX, and contentDepression or DEP) would be correlated with MARSUnhappiness; (b) two MMPI-2 scales (basicSocial Introversion or Si and contentSocial Discomfort or SOD) would be correlated with MARSExtraversion; (c) two MMPI-2 scales (contentAnger or ANG and contentType A Behavior or TPA) would be correlated with MARSAssertiveness; and (d) two MMPI-2 scales (contentWork Interference or WRK and supplementaryDominance or DOM) would be correlated with MARSProductive Persistence. Results corroborated the hypothesized relationships between the components of the aforementioned four dyads.     

Patterns of Aggression in Parents and their Children

In this research, we examined children's awareness of inconsistencies in messages that are meaningful for children, instructions for games. In the first experiment, kindergarten (n = 25) and second- (n = 25) and fourth-grade (n = 26) children were individually read the instructions for two games, each of which included two inconsistent statements. Chi-square analyses yielded a significant effect for grade for one game (p < .05) and a marginally significant effect for a second game (p < .10). In a second experiment, second- (n = 40), fourth- (n = 40), and sixth-grade (n = 40) children were read the instructions for two games, each of which included two statements that were inconsistent. An analysis of variance demonstrated that with an increase in grade, there was a significant increase (p < .001) in awareness that a message contained an inconsistency. The analysis also indicated that the subjects were more willing (p < .08) to question an adult than they were to question a child about an inconsistency. Moreover, a regression analysis indicated that awareness of inconsistencies in the rules for games was significantly related to memory (p < .001) and to one's ability to note inconsistencies in shorter, simpler messages (p < .001).     

Book Reviews

King, Nicholas Hearing the New Testament: Strategies for Interpretation (edited by Joel B. Green) Alison, James Resurrection Reconsidered (edited by Gavin D’Costa) Alison, James The Beginning and End of ‘Religion’ (by Nicholas Lash) Main, Roderick The Allure of Gnosticism: The Gnostic Experience in Jungian Psychology and Contemporary Culture (edited by Rogert Segal with June Singer and Murray Stein) Deane-Drummond, Celia Beliefs and Biology: Theories of Life and Living (by Jennifer Trusted) Thomas, Janice The Mind and its World (by Gregory McColloch) Meynell, Hugo Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (byRobin Le Poidevin) Meynell, Hugo Philosophical Idealism and Christian Belief (by Alan F. P. Sell) Waterfield, Robin The Dialogues of Plato, Volume 3: Ion, Hippias Minor, Laches, Protagoras (trans. and comment. by R. E. Allen); The Plato Reader (by T. D. J. Chappell) Levi, Anthony Michel de Certau: Interpretation and its Other (by Jeremy Ahearne) Saliba, John Moon Sisters, Krishna Mothers and Rajneesh Lovers: Women’s Roles in New Religions (by Susan Jean Palmer) Craske, Jane Feminism and Christian Ethics (by Susan Frank Parsons) Linnane, Brian Christian Perspectives on Sexuality and Gender (edited by Adrian Thatcher and Elizabeth Stuart) d’Ardenne, Patricia Men, Women, Passion and Power: Gender Issues in Psychotherapy (by Marie Maguire); Feminism and Sexuality: A Reader (edited by Stevi Jackson and Sue Scott) Creagh-Fuller, Tomas Law and Family in Late Antiquity (by Judith Evans Grubbs) King, Nicholas Lydia’s Impatient Sisters: A Feminist Social History of Early Christianity (by Luise Schottroff) Laird, Martin Collectanea Augustiniana. Augustine: Mystic and Mystagogue (edited by Frederick Van Fleteren, Joseph C. Schaubelt O.S.A. and Joseph Reino) Louth, Andrew The Martyrs of Córdoba: Community and Family Conflict in an Age of Mass Conversion (Jessica A. Coope) Swanson, R. N. Peter des Roches: An Alien in English Politics, 1205–1238 (by Nicholas Vincent) Swanson, R. N. Runaway Religions in Medieval England c. 1240–1540 (by F. Donald Logan) Fox, Rory Aquinas and the Jews (by John Y. B. Hood) Hamilton, Alistair The Elect Nation: The Savonarolan Movement in Florence 1494–1545 Hamilton, Alastair Church and Politics in Renaissance Italy: The Life and Career of Cardinal Francesco Soderini, 1453–1524 (by K. J. P. Lowe) Swanson, R. N. The Cartulary of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in England, Part 2: Prima Camera Essex (edited by Michael Gervers) McCoog, Thomas M. The Jesuit Mystique (by Douglas Letson and Michael Higgins); The Jesuits: A Story of Power (by Alain Woodrow) Levi, Anthony Collected Works of Erasmus (University of Toronto Press – various volumes involving various translators, annotators and editors) McCoog, Thomas, M. Voracious Idols & Violent Hands (by Lee Palmer Wandel) Ditchfield, Simon Right Thinking and Sacred Oratory in Counter-Reformation Rome (by Frederick J. McGinness) Chibi, Andrew, A. Catholic and Reformed: The Roman and Protestant Churches in English Protestant Thought 1600–1640 (by Anthony Milton) Butler, Perry The Nineteenth-Century Church and English Society (by Frances Knight) Aspinwall, Bernard The Catholic Philanthropic Tradition in America (by Mary J. Oates) Kollar, RenéFaith and Family: The Life and Circle of Ambrose Phillipps de Lisle (by Margaret Pawley)     

Semantic Information and the Correctness Theory of Truth

Semantic information is usually supposed to satisfy the veridicality thesis: p qualifies as semantic information only if p is true. However, what it means for semantic information to be true is often left implicit, with correspondentist interpretations representing the most popular, default option. The article develops an alternative approach, namely a correctness theory of truth (CTT) for semantic information. This is meant as a contribution not only to the philosophy of information but also to the philosophical debate on the nature of truth. After the introduction, in Sect. 2, semantic information is shown to be translatable into propositional semantic information (i). In Sect. 3, i is polarised into a query (Q) and a result (R), qualified by a specific context, a level of abstraction and a purpose. This polarization is normalised in Sect. 4, where [Q + R] is transformed into a Boolean question and its relative yes/no answer [Q + A]. This completes the reduction of the truth of i to the correctness of A. In Sects. 5 and 6, it is argued that (1) A is the correct answer to Q if and only if (2) A correctly saturates Q by verifying and validating it (in the computer science’s sense of “verification” and “validation”); that (2) is the case if and only if (3) [Q + A] generates an adequate model (m) of the relevant system (s) identified by Q; that (3) is the case if and only if (4) m is a proxy of s (in the computer science’s sense of “proxy”) and (5) proximal access to m commutes with the distal access to s (in the category theory’s sense of “commutation”); and that (5) is the case if and only if (6) reading/writing (accessing, in the computer science’s technical sense of the term) m enables one to read/write (access) s. Sect. 7 provides some further clarifications about CTT, in the light of semantic paradoxes. Section 8 draws a general conclusion about the nature of CTT as a theory for systems designers not just systems users. In the course of the article all technical expressions from computer science are explained.     

Day-to-day living with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Towards a family-based approach to the illness impacts

Objective: This study explores the perspectives of both patients and family members regarding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in their family life.

Design: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with patients and their family members in the chronic phase of COPD. Individual interviews were performed to explore participants’ perspectives and submitted to thematic analysis.

Results: Six major themes emerged from patients’ perspective: (1) impact of COPD symptoms on personal and family daily life; (2) (over)protective family support; (3) difficulties in couple communication; (4) sense of identity loss; (5) fear of COPD progression; and (6) coping resources. Five main themes emerged from the family members’ perspective: (1) restrictions in family’s social life; (2) emotional distress related to COPD exacerbations; (3) tension in couple relationship; (4) financial strain of COPD; and (5) coping resources.

Conclusions: The overall findings illustrate the complex interaction between the experience of living with COPD and communication patterns, emotional states, social support and social roles within the family. The results highlight the need to develop family-based interventions to facilitate a functional adjustment to COPD. However, these interventions in COPD remain undeveloped and empirical evidence is needed.     

Teachers’ burnout, depression, role ambiguity and conflict

The present study investigates issues associated with teachers’ burnout in primary education as related to depression and role conflict–ambiguity. At the time of the study the participants (562 teachers) were working in seventy nine (79) Primary Education State Schools in Greece (Athens and two prefectures in the southern part of the country). The results showed that of the three factors comprising the Burnout inventory (MBI, Maslach and Jackson, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory; manual research edition, 1986), (i.e., Emotional exhaustion, Personal accomplishment, Depersonalization) Emotional Exhaustion showed a statistically significant (positive) correlation with the factors that comprise: (a) the Scale of Depression (CES-D: Ensel, in: Lin et al. (eds.) Social support, life events and depression, 1986; Radloff, Applied Psychological Measurement 1: 385–401, 1977) such as Depressed affect, Somatic retarded activity and (b) Degree of Role Conflict (Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scale, Rizzo et al., Administrative Science Quarterly, 15:150–163, 1970, adapted in Greek by Koustelios and Kousteliou, Psychological Reports, 82:131–136, 1998); similarly, Positive affect (CES-D) and Degree of Role Clarity (Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scale) showed a statistically significant (negative) correlation with the same factor (Emotional exhaustion). Furthermore, a regression analysis performed with Personal accomplishment as the dependent variable showed that the (combined) factors of Role Ambiguity, Positive Affect and Somatic Retarded Activity contributed significantly to the prediction of the dependent variable; A third regression analysis performed with Depersonalization as dependent variable showed that Somatic Retarded Activity, Role Conflict, Positive Affect, Interpersonal Affect and Role Ambiguity contributed significantly to the prediction of this variable. Overall, the results showed that Greek teachers experience low-moderate levels of Burnout, Depression, Role conflict and Role ambiguity.     

Re-conceptualizing the Factor Structure of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality

Rationale This study attempted to differentiate statistically the spiritual and religious factors of the Brief Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality (BMMRS), which was developed based on theoretical conceptualizations that have yet to be adequately empirically validated in a population with significant health disorders. Participants One hundred sixty-four individuals with heterogeneous medical conditions [i.e., brain injury, spinal cord injury (SCI), cancer, stroke, primary care conditions]. Methods Participants completed the BMMRS as part of a pilot study on spirituality, religion, and physical and mental health. Results A principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization identified a six-factor solution (opposed to the expected 8-factor solution) accounting for 60% of the variance in scores, labeled as: (1) Positive Spiritual Experience; (2) Negative Spiritual Experience; (3) Forgiveness; (4) Religious Practices; (5) Positive Congregational Support; and (6) Negative Congregational Support. Conclusions The results suggest the BMMRS assesses distinct positive and negative aspects of religiousness and spirituality that may be best conceptualized in a psychoneuroimmunological context as measuring: (a) Spiritual Experiences (i.e., emotional experience of feeling connected with a higher power/the universe); (b) Religious Practices (i.e., prayer, rituals, service attendance); (c) Congregational Support; and (d) Forgiveness (i.e., a specific coping strategy that can be conceptualized as religious or non-religious in context).     

The ontologicalization of the Confucian concept of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Xin Xing</Emphasis>: Zhou Lianxi’s founding contribution to the Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism

The Confucian concept of “cheng” (integrity) emphasizes logical priority of value realization over “zhen shi” (reality or truth). Through value realization and the completion of being, zhenshi can be achieved. Cheng demonstrates the original unity of value and reality. Taking the concept of cheng as the core, Zhou Lianxi’s philosophy interpreted yi Dao (the Dao of change), and integrated Yi Jing (The Book of Changes) and Zhong Yong (The Doctrine of the Mean). On the one hand, it ontologicalized the Confucian concept of xin xing (mind nature), and proved and established the significance of Dao ti (the ontological Dao) as the principle and origin of the utmost goodness. On the other hand, it also extended the significance of value realization to the process of qi hua (transformation of qi) and transformation of myriad things. He proved li yi (the One Principle) of Dao ti from its many manifestations and established his own metaphysical system. Zhou Lianxi’s philosophy sets up a new theoretical direction for the Song-Ming Confucians to reconstruct Confucian Metaphysics. __________ Translated from Beijing Shifan Daxue Xuebao (Journal of Beijing Normal University)(Social Sciences Edition), Vol. 186, 2004 (6) by Yan Xin     

Social Desirability and the Interpretation of Uncertainty Terms in Self‐Report Questions

Uncertainty terms (e.g., possible) are words that are not fixed and hence open to interpretation. This research examined the role of social desirability in how these words are interpreted in self‐report questions. Participants in Experiments 1 (N = 96; MTurk workers) and 2 (N = 96; college students) judged trait (N = 48) and behavior (N = 36) items endorsed by a hypothetical individual to be more likely if they were lower in social desirability. In Experiments 3 (N = 97) and 4 (N = 97) college student participants interpreted four different uncertainty terms (likely, possible, unlikely, and pretty sure) as indicating greater certainty when they referred to socially undesirable (relative to socially desirable) traits (N = 36) and behaviors (N = 24). These results suggest that participants may interpret self‐report items differently, depending on the social desirability of the content.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Beyond Sowing and Growing: The Relationship of Sex Typing To Socialization,Family Plans,and Future Orientation1

The speculation, appearing frequently in the birth-planning and population literature, that family-size desires are associated with sex-role norms, was empirically investigated with the Bem (1974) Sex Role Inventory. Forty college students in a 2 (sex-typed vs. androgynous) × 2 (male or female) design responded to a demographic and future-plans inventory. Results indicated that androgynous females, as compared with sex-typed females, (a) moved frequently during childhood (p < .02); (b) were raised in larger communities (p < .02); (c) had fathers (p < .03) and mothers (p < .003) of higher occupational status; (d) tended toward higher educational aspiration (p < .09); (e) desired fewer children (p < .05); and (f) placed more importance on competence at work (p < .004). Male responses were not generally related to the sex-typing variable. Results were discussed in terms of implications of sex-role socialization for the problem of overpopulation.     

Multiple illness perceptions in older adults: Effects on physical functioning and medication adherence

Objective: Previous research on illness perceptions has focused on single illnesses, but most adults over 65 suffer from multiple illnesses (multimorbidity). This study tests three competing operationalisations of multiple illness perceptions in predicting physical functioning and adherence: (1) main effects and interactions model; (2) peak model with effects of the most prominent illness perception; and (3) combined model with averaged illness perceptions over multiple illnesses.

Design: Longitudinal study in N?=?215 individuals (65–86?years) with multimorbidity at two measurement points over six months. Participants filled in two Brief Illness Perception Questionnaires (B-IPQ) on their two most severe illnesses.

Main outcome measures: Physical functioning, medication adherence.

Results: Factor analyses suggest that the B-IPQ contains three dimensions; consequences, control and timeline. Multiple regression models fit the data best for (1) and (3). Timeline (β?=??.18) and control (β?=?.21) predict adherence in (1); consequences (β?=?.16) and control (β?=?.20) in (3). Physical functioning was significantly predicted by interacting control beliefs in (1; β?=?.13), by peak consequences in (2; β?=??.14) and by consequences (β?=??.15) in (3).

Conclusions: Individuals with multimorbidity hold both distinct and combined perceptions about their illnesses. To understand individual responses to multimorbidity, perceptions about all illnesses and multimorbidity as entity should be examined.     

Toward an Understanding of Family Planning Behaviors: An Initial Investigation1

Based on a theoretical model developed by Fishbein (1972), a questionnaire was administered to 73 female college students to test the hypotheses that (1) behavioral intention (BI) to use birth control pills is a function of (a) one's attitude toward the act (A-act) of using birth control pills and/or (b) one's normative beliefs weighted by one's motivation to comply with those perceived norms (ΣNB(Mc)); and (2) A-act of using birth control pills is a function of (or is highly correlated with) the sum of one's beliefs about the consequences of using birth control pills times the evaluation of those beliefs (ΣBiai). In support of the hypotheses, (1) the multiple correlation between the two components of the model and BI was significant (R= 335, p < .01); and (2) the correlation between XBiui and A-act was significant (r= .792, p < .01).     

FROM EVOLUTIONARY CONSCIOUSNESS TO CONSCIOUS EVOLUTION: ARE WE IN CONTROL?

This article discusses implicit assumptions in the conference theme to understand the complexity involved in trying to gain control of globalization, in particular: (1) We, (2) being in control (not only in cybernetic way) and (3) globalization. I introduce distinctions between single conscious agents, systems of conscious agents, and emergent we, as a collective entity understood as a Collective Being (a complex, multidimensional society to be studied with multiple, systemic knowledge) that has collective consciousness. The focus is the issue of being in control. This issue is understood as the ability to design and manage emergent processes of development.     

Developing critical awareness: the consequences of action and reflection for perceptions of group injustices

Individuals often cannot address (objective) group injustices until they develop a (subjective) critical awareness of them. In three studies, we tested two potential psychological pathways toward critical awareness: Reflection (deductive, knowledge driven) and action (inductive, action driven) mindsets. Across studies, participants were exposed to an objectively unjust event, enacted by the experimenter. Based on a pilot study (N = 31) and first experiment (N = 28), we developed the hypothesis that action (vs. reflection) mindsets increase group entitativity (due to their reliance on expectancy effects), but not necessarily (subjective) critical awareness of (objective) group injustice. Study 2 (N = 121) confirmed this hypothesis. We discuss the difficulties of developing (subjective) critical awareness of (objective) group injustices.     

Logica dimostrativa

Most claims for the falsification of the Law of the Excluded Middle (LEM) rest on confusion or can be circumvented. A few of them, however, cannot. I concentrate on two of those, (a) cases involving conflicting criteria(border line cases) and (b) cases imposed by quantum discontinuity(no real state admitted between any two consecutive states). Nevertheless, despite the authenticity of both, closer analysis reveals these two modes of violating LEM to be direct opposites

In (a) LEM fails in the relation between language and the world, and not in the world when viewed independently of this relation; in (b) LEM fails in the world itself, if at all. In (a) LEM fails because the Law of Non-Contradiction fails first (mutually exclusive classifications are equally warranted). But in (b) LEM fails because The Law of Non-Contradiction holds and not otherwise

Finally, ‘a statement is neither true nor false’ and ‘two contradictory assertions are both false’ should be equivalent ways of expressing LEM’s failure. However in (a) one can express LEM’s failure by means of the former expression but not the latter, whereas, on the contrary, in (b) one can express LEM’s failure by means of the latter expression but not the former. These two statements of LEM’s violation are not equivalent. I attribute their non-equivalence to the fact that in cases (a) LEM fails in a semantic sense, while in cases (b) it fails in an ontological sense     

Positism: The Unexplored Solution to the Epistemic Regress Problem

As we trace a chain of reasoning backward, it must ultimately do one of four things: (i) end in an unjustified belief, (ii) continue infinitely, (iii) form a circle, or (iv) end in an immediately justified basic belief. This article defends positism—the view that, in certain circumstances, type‐(i) chains can justify us in holding their target beliefs. One of the assumptions that generates the epistemic regress problem is: (A) Person S is mediately justified in believing p iff (1) S has a doxastic reason q for p and (2) S is justified in believing q. Assumption (A) presupposes that reasoning is only justification transmitting, not justification generating. The article rejects (A) and argues that, in certain circumstances, reasoning itself is justification generating, even if that from which one is reasoning is not itself justified. It concludes by comparing positism with its infinitist, coherentist, and foundationalist rivals, acknowledging what is right about these other views.     

An open trial of mindfulness‐based stress reduction for young adults with social anxiety disorder

The present study investigated mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) for young adults with a social anxiety disorder (SAD) in an open trial. Fifty‐three young adults in a higher education setting underwent a standard eight‐week MBSR program. Eight participants (15%) did not complete the program. Participants reported significant reductions in SAD symptoms and global psychological distress, as well as increases in mindfulness, self‐compassion, and self‐esteem. Using intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analyses, effect sizes ranged from large to moderate for SAD symptoms (Cohen's d = 0.80) and global psychological distress (d = 0.61). Completer analyses yielded large effect sizes for SAD symptoms (d = 0.96) and global psychological distress (d = 0.81). The largest effect sizes were found for self‐compassion (d = 1.49) and mindfulness (d = 1.35). Two thirds of the participants who were in the clinical range at pretreatment reported either clinically significant change (37%) or reliable improvement (31%) on SAD symptoms after completing the MBSR program, and almost two thirds reported either clinically significant change (37%) or reliable improvement (26%) on global psychological distress. MBSR may be a beneficial intervention for young adults in higher education with SAD, and there is a need for more research on mindfulness and acceptance‐based interventions for SAD.     

Active or Inert? An Experimental Comparison of Creative Ideation across Incubation Periods

The primary objective of this study was to contribute to the growing research discipline investigating the effects of physical exercise on divergent thinking creativity performance. Thirty‐two students participated in this two‐visit, within‐subject intervention. Individuals consented to participate in two randomized, and counterbalanced, experimental conditions, consisting of 15 min of active treadmill walking and an inert, seated control incubation period. Creativity was assessed at baseline and post‐exercise (and control) via the Instances Creativity Task (ICT). Creativity scores for changes in fluency (F(1, 31) = 2.90, p = .10) were not statistically significant across the experimental conditions. Originality scores were higher at baseline and follow‐up when compared to the exercise condition (F(1, 31) = 6.82, p = .01). However, there was no statistically significant condition × time interaction effect (F(1, 31) = 1.78, p = .19). Further analyses demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental conditions on recall score (F(1, 31) = 1.04, p = .32). All models indicated statistically significant main effects for time: fluency (F(1, 31) = 131.17, p < .001); originality (F(1, 31) = 36.54, p < .001); and recall (F(1, 31) = 51.75, p < .001). These findings suggest that both active and inert creative incubation periods may similarly enhance subsequent divergent thinking performance.     

Book reviews

Peter E. Hodgkinson and Michael Stewart (1998) A Handbook of Post-Disaster Psychosocial Aftercare, 2nd edn, London: Routledge, $15.99 (pb)

Caroline Garland (ed.) (1998) Understanding Trauma: A Psychoanalytic Approach, London: Duckworth, Tavistock Clinic Series, $14.95 (pb)

Claudio Neri (1998) Group, preface by Parthenope Bion Talamo, foreword by Malcolm Pines, London: Jessica Kingsley, $16.95

Robert L. Perkinson (1997) Chemical Dependency Counseling: A Practical Guide, London: Sage, $24

Mary Turner (1998) Talking with Children and Young People about Death and Dying: A Workbook, illustrated by Bob Thomas, London: Jessica Kingsley, $17.95

Jan Wiener and Mannie Sher (1998) Counselling and Psychotherapy in Primary Health Care: A Psychodynamic Approach, London: Macmillan, $11.99 (pb)

Melanie Hart and James Loader (eds) (1998) Generations: Poems between Fathers, Mothers, Daughters, Sons, London: Penguin, $14.99

David Kennard and Neil Small (eds) (1997) Living Together, London: Quartet, $9.00

Sally Skaife and Val Huet (1998) Art Psychotherapy Groups: Between Pictures and Words, London: Routledge, $47.50 (hb), $15.99 (pb)     

A computerized test for the assessment of mild cognitive impairment subtypes in sentence processing

This study examines thesentence processing ability of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes. In addition to standard MCI neuropsychological tests, an experimental approach was applied to assess language. 133 people (93 MCI/40 controls) participated in novel computerized sentence processing tasks. Results presented statistically significant differences between MCI/controls andMCI subtypes (ANOVA):(a) duration F(2,92) = 19.259,p < .001) in sentence construction; (b) correct answers (F(2, 89) = 8.560,p < .001) and duration (F2,89) = 15.525,p < .001)in text comprehension; (c) correct answers (F(2, 92) = 8.975,p < .001) andduration (F(2, 92) = 4.360,p = .016) in metaphoric sentences comprehension; (d) correct answers (F(2, 92) = 12.836,p < .001) andduration (F(2, 92) = 10.974,p < .001) in verb form generation. Subtle changes in MCIsubtypes could affect sentence processing and provide useful information for cognitive decline risk estimation and screening purposes.