注意和非注意条件下的整体和局部性质加工

以往关于整体和局部知觉的研究通常要求被试直接对出现在复合刺激整体或局部水平上的靶目标做反应,因此复合刺激与任务相关并被注意。该研究通过测量复合字母的整体和局部性质对随后出现的探测刺激的启动效应来研究在非注意条件下整体和局部性质加工的差异。实验一发现复合刺激的整体和局部性质对探测刺激产生负启动效应,但二者没有显著差异。实验二缩短了启动刺激与探测刺激之间的时间间隔,复合刺激的整体和局部性质对探测刺激都不再产生启动效应。在实验一、二中,当要求被试直接对复合刺激做反应时,其分辨局部性质的错误率都比分辨整体性质的错误率高。根据这些结果,讨论了在注意和非注意下的整体和局部性质加工的差异。     

整体-局部范式下的负启动效应

在通常的负启动范式基础上 ,以小数字构成的大数字 ,即以同时具有整体特征和局部特征的复合数字为实验材料 ,采用数字命名任务 ,将刺激画面中复合数字的数目和注意指向作为变量进行实验。大学生充任被试。结果发现 ,在单个复合数字条件下对同一客体的非注意指向的特征进行忽略重复 ,注意整体时出现负启动 ,而注意局部时不出现负启动 ;在两个复合数字条件下对启动刺激中充当干扰项的复合数字进行忽略重复 ,则注意整体与注意局部都出现了负启动。该研究表明 ,在不同注意指向时 ,整体 -局部范式下的负启动效应具有知觉组织的层次性 ,并显示出客体内选择和客体间选择对负启动的不同影响。     

大学生中文独体字知觉加工效应

采用Navon型复合刺激识别任务，考察中文独体字知觉加工的优先效应。结果表明：构形关系上独体字识别有笔画数效应，呈局部优先性，受练习、认知组块影响。定向关系中复合独体字识别呈整体优先性，慢于单体字和复合图的识别，不受笔画、局部性质影响，当局部构件有独立语义或构形意义时，优先效应反转，局部优先性增强。结论认为局部与整体构形优先关系，局部意义负载影响视知觉加工模式，独体字识别由局部和整体加工合力完成。     

幼儿在等级图形知觉中的整体优先现象

研究采用Navon的干涉实验范式和等级图形刺激模式研究4-6岁幼儿的整体优先现象。实验中所用刺激的结构关系有一致、无关、矛盾。实验1研究自由注意条件下,不同年龄儿童自发形成整体或局部反应策略的比率,发现被试自发形成对整体特征反应策略的比例较大,且该比例是随年龄而增长的;实验2比较注意整体和注意局部两种实验条件下,不同年龄儿童对整体或局部的反应正确率。结果发现在注意整体和注意局部的条件下,4-6岁幼儿的整体／局部干涉效应呈相互影响到相互独立再到整体优势的发展过程。这表明幼儿对整体特征的注意选择可能是随着年龄增长和视觉经验的积累而逐渐成型的。     

自我信息对知觉选择中整体优先性的调控作用

已有研究表明个人重要信息调控高级认知加工过程, 如面孔识别、记忆、思维等。本研究的三项实验系统地测量了个人重要信息对知觉选择的影响。采用最近发展的自我连接学习范式, 让中性几何图形与不同人(自我、朋友、陌生人)建立联系; 图形-标签连接完成后, 以复合图形(局部小图形组成整体大图形)作为实验刺激, 被试完成整体/局部图形判断任务, 通过评估个体对具有不同社会意义图形(目标vs.分心物水平)的感知差异, 测量个人重要信息对知觉选择的调控作用。结果发现, 与他人相关图形相比, 自我相关图形作为分心物调控整体优先效应, 这种效应一致地发生在整体和局部水平上, 并且不受注意任务的影响。这些结果提示社会信息对认知的调控作用发生在视觉选择水平上。     

复合运动刺激视觉追踪的初步研究

本实验采用多目标追踪和复合刺激研究范式,将注意追踪和知觉的整体优先性两个研究领域中存在的知觉组织规律相结合,对单一和多个复合刺激进行注意追踪研究.结果表明:在单一或多个复合刺激追踪过程中,同样遵循静态知觉组织原则;不同知觉组织形式对知觉加工有不同的影响,突出的颜色变化可以促进知觉组织加工.     

视觉信息加工中的整体优先性

该文综述了视知觉的整体优先性理论,以及关于整体优先性机制的理论及其面临的困难,特别介绍了本文作者近年来开展的一系列关于整体优先性的行为和事件相关电位研究结果,以及根据这些结果提出的一个基于知觉组织和选择性注意相互作用的复合刺激加工的理论模型。     

蒙、汉大学生的自我构念对知觉加工的影响

首先考察蒙古族和汉族大学生的自我构念特点,并在文化启动下探查自我构念启动对知觉加工的影响。研究发现:(1)内蒙古蒙古族大学生和汉族大学的自我构念表现为互依型倾向,更倾向整体优势知觉加工,蒙古国古大学生表现出独立型倾向,更倾向于局部优势知觉加工。(2)文化启动条件下,自我构念的即时变化影响知觉的加工,独立性自我构念启动下显示出局部加工优先,互依自我构念启动下显示出整体加工优先。该结果提示,不同文化语景的内蒙古和蒙古国的蒙古族个体的自我构念有着差别,文化的嵌入性可促使个体获得主流文化的自我构念,并对知觉过程有影响作用。     

知觉启动效应及其脑机制的研究进展

启动效应是内隐记忆研究的主要对象,人们认为至少存在着两种类型的启动效应——知觉启动和概念启动。知觉启动被认为主要反应对刺激形式的优先加工,概念启动被认为主要反应对刺激意义的优先加工。通常被认为具有知觉特征的启动任务有：阈下呈现的单词识别,词干补笔,残词补笔,和图片命名等。     

知觉启动效应及其脑机制的研究进展

启动效应是内隐记忆研究的主要对象,人们认为至少存在着两种类型的启动效应——知觉启动和概念启动。知觉启动被认为主要反应对刺激形式的优先加工,概念启动被认为主要反应对刺激意义的优先加工。通常被认为具有知觉特征的启动任务有：阈下呈现的单词识别,词干补笔,残词补笔,和图片命名等。     

Matching visual stimuli on the basis of global and local features by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

This study was designed to examine whether chimpanzees and monkeys exhibit a global-to-local precedence in the processing of hierarchically organized compound stimuli, as has been reported for humans. Subjects were tested using a sequential matching-to-sample paradigm using stimuli that differed on the basis of their global configuration or local elements, or on both perceptual attributes. Although both species were able to discriminate stimuli on the basis of their global configuration or local elements, the chimpanzees exhibited a global-to-local processing strategy, whereas the rhesus monkeys exhibited a local-to-global processing strategy. The results suggest that perceptual and attentional mechanisms underlying information-processing strategies may account for differences in learning by primates. Accepted after revision: 11 September 2001 Electronic Publication     

复合字母刺激心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应

采用复合字母材料结合正镜像判断任务,首次揭示了心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应。实验一延长复合字母材料的呈现时间,检验心理旋转实验常用的正/镜像判断任务中的视知觉整体优先效应;实验二将实验一的复合字母材料旋转一定角度,考察心理旋转加工中的整体优先效应。结果发现：（1）延长复合字母呈现时间后的字母正镜像判断任务中,被试判断大字母和判断小字母的时间没有显著差异,并且大小字母是否一致对大字母判断和小字母判断的影响无显著差异;（2）在排除了视知觉的整体优先效应存在的情况下,发现心理旋转加工中存在明显的整体优先效应,大字母（整体）旋转条件下的反应时显著短于小字母（局部）旋转条件下的反应时;（3）旋转角度一致性对大字母旋转和小字母旋转条件下的反应时均无显著影响,表明心理旋转的整体优先效应模式可能有别于视知觉加工的整体优先效应模式     

Interactions between perceptual organization based on Gestalt laws and those based on hierarchical processing

Our recent research with compound stimuli (Han, Humphreys, & Chen, 1999a) suggests that grouping between local elements facilitates the perception of global structure, whereas encoding closure in local elements enhances their segmentation. The present study presents further evidence supporting this assertion. Experiment 1 first developed a new paradigm in which grouping between local elements was manipulated. Subjects responded to the orientations of perceptual groups consisting of local arrows or triangles embedded in background crosses. Responses to the orientations of the groups were slowed as a function of the increased contrast of the crosses, indicating that the strength of grouping between local arrows or triangles was gradually weakened by increasing the contrast of the crosses. Using a similar paradigm, Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the role of Gestalt factors in hierarchical analysis. Global arrows or triangles made up of local arrows, or triangles were embedded in background crosses. Subjects responded to global or local stimuli in terms of orientation or closure. Increasing the contrast of the background crosses produced stronger effects on global responses than on local responses and resulted in elimination of the global precedence effect and emerging of a local precedence effect, which was stronger for closure discrimination than for orientation discrimination. These results provide new evidence supporting our previous claim about the role of Gestalt factors in hierarchical analysis.     

Do attention and decision follow perception Comment on Miller

In response to Miller's discussion of global precedence, I argue that (a)although perceptual precedence is not the only explanation for asymmetric interference, in some cases it is the most reasonable one; (b) since global precedence does not entail that local and global information cannot interact in their effects on responses, the finding that they do is not incompatible with global precedence; (c) it is dubious that attention or decision are applied just to the resultant of perception rather than determining it or constituting part of it. However, I share some of Miller's doubts about the unique contribution of asymmetric interference data in deciding the issue of global precedence.     

Global precedence in attended and nonattended objects

In four experiments we evaluated whether there is a priority in early perceptual analysis for the global aspect of a nonattended, visual, compound stimulus. In all experiments, two objects were distinguished by being enclosed in either a square or a circle, and each object consisted of a larger letter constructed from smaller letters. Attention was directed to one of the two objects on the basis of either the square/circle distinction (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) or a visual precue (Experiment 4). In agreement with previous findings, for attended objects, the global aspect was identified faster and was more difficult to ignore than the local aspect. However, for nonattended objects, no evidence was found for an overall priority in perceptual processing leading to identification of the global aspect. Rather, the results indicate that there is a priority in perceptual processing for the general category of the global information contained within nonattended objects. Although the results provide some support for the view that global information receives priority during early perceptual analysis, aspects of the results are more consistent with postidentification accounts of global precedence.     

New evidence for the perceptual precedence of global information

Two experiments are reported investigating the order in which global and local information of visual forms is processed. Subjects were presented with compound stimuli and were asked to identify the local level, always consisting of small letters. At the global level, the stimuli could be either large letters, consistent or inconsistent with the local level, or meaningless patterns derived from the large letters by modifying the spatial relations among segments. Results showed that inconsistent stimuli were responded to more slowly than both consistent stimuli and meaningless patterns, which did not differ from each other. This was true both when letters and patterns were presented intermixed, as in experiment 1 or separately, as in experiment 2. The pattern obtained accords well with predictions derived from the perceptual precedence hypothesis which states that global information becomes available at a faster rate than local information. No support for the alternative, post-perceptual, hypothesis was found.     

Separability and integrality of global and local levels of hierarchical patterns

We used a constrained classification task to examine the perceptual relations between global and local levels in hierarchical patterns composed of many, relatively small elements and those composed of few, relatively large elements. In Experiments 1 and 3 subjects were asked to make classifications based on "form" or "texture." In Experiments 2 and 4 they were asked to classify according to the "shape" of the configuration or the elements. The results indicate that configural and elemental levels are perceptually separable for many-element patterns when processed as form and texture: Subjects could attend to either level without being affected by variation along the irrelevant dimension. However, when the same many-element patterns were processed for global and local shape, subjects could not selectively attend to either level. For few-element patterns, global configuration and local elements appeared to be perceptually integral dimensions. These results are relevant to two issues: the global precedence hypothesis and the explanations of integral and separable dimensions.     

The distortion of spatial relationships between local elements in hierarchical patterns decreases the global advantage effect

The present study examined the influence of perceptual organization on the processing of global and local information in hierarchical patterns. In two experiments, we examined whether disturbing the spatial relationships between local elements by introducing between-element distance and size heterogeneity affected global processing dominance. The effects on global processing dominance of undistorted compound stimuli with equidistant and homogeneous local elements were compared with those of compound stimuli which presented between-element distance heterogeneity (Experiment 1) or heterogeneity in size (Experiment 2). The results showed that the global advantage effect decreased similarly under conditions of between-element distance and size heterogeneity that disturbed the spatial relationships between local elements. The results provide new evidence on the role of perceptual organization in hierarchical patterns processing.     

视知觉组织在整体知觉中的作用--脑损伤病人的实验研究

本实验研究大脑损伤如何影响复合图形的整体知觉。三例病人脑损伤部位分别在大脑枕区、顶区、颞区、额区及基底节和豆状核。复合图形被呈现给病人和正常对照被试。强迫选择识别等任务表明,当空间相邻性决定局部图形的知觉组织时,病人识别整体性质的正确率高于(ZD和FL)或略底于(GK)识别局部性质的正确率;当形状相似性决定局部图形的知觉组织时,病人识别整体性质的正确率显著降低,而识别局部性质的正确率受到的影响较小。在同样的任务中正常被试识别整体和局部性质的正确率受知觉组织因素的影响很小。这些结果提示大脑损伤对整体知觉的破坏可能主要通过影响基于形状相似性的知觉组织实现。