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1.
In this paper we propose an upward correction to the standard error (SE) estimation of
[^(q)]ML\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{ML}}
, the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate of the latent trait in item response theory (IRT). More specifically, the upward correction
is provided for the SE of
[^(q)]ML\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{ML}}
when item parameter estimates obtained from an independent pretest sample are used in IRT scoring. When item parameter estimates
are employed, the resulting latent trait estimate is called pseudo maximum likelihood (PML) estimate. Traditionally, the SE
of
[^(q)]ML\hat{\theta}_{\mathrm{ML}}
is obtained on the basis of test information only, as if the item parameters are known. The upward correction takes into account
the error that is carried over from the estimation of item parameters, in addition to the error in latent trait recovery itself.
Our simulation study shows that both types of SE estimates are very good when θ is in the middle range of the latent trait distribution, but the upward-corrected SEs are more accurate than the traditional
ones when θ takes more extreme values. 相似文献
2.
MLJ van de Vel 《Studia Logica》2010,95(3):379-405
A first-order theory T{{\mathcal T}} has the Independence Property provided
T \vdash (Q)(FT F1 ú. . .úFn){{{\mathcal T} \, \, \vdash (Q)(\Phi \Rightarrow {\Phi_1} \vee.\,.\,.\vee {\Phi_n})}} implies
T \vdash (Q)(FT Fi){{{\mathcal T} \, \, \vdash (Q)(\Phi \Rightarrow {\Phi_i})}} for some i whenever F,F1, . . . ,Fn{{\Phi,\Phi_1,\,.\,.\,.\,,\Phi_n}} are formulae of a suitable type and (Q) is any quantifier sequence. Variants of this property have been noticed for some time in logic programming and in linear
programming. 相似文献
3.
A family of scaling corrections aimed to improve the chi-square approximation of goodness-of-fit test statistics in small
samples, large models, and nonnormal data was proposed in Satorra and Bentler (1994). For structural equations models, Satorra-Bentler's
(SB) scaling corrections are available in standard computer software. Often, however, the interest is not on the overall fit
of a model, but on a test of the restrictions that a null model sayM
0 implies on a less restricted oneM
1. IfT
0 andT
1 denote the goodness-of-fit test statistics associated toM
0 andM
1, respectively, then typically the differenceT
d
=T
0−T
1 is used as a chi-square test statistic with degrees of freedom equal to the difference on the number of independent parameters
estimated under the modelsM
0 andM
1. As in the case of the goodness-of-fit test, it is of interest to scale the statisticT
d
in order to improve its chi-square approximation in realistic, that is, nonasymptotic and nonormal, applications. In a recent
paper, Satorra (2000) shows that the difference between two SB scaled test statistics for overall model fit does not yield
the correct SB scaled difference test statistic. Satorra developed an expression that permits scaling the difference test
statistic, but his formula has some practical limitations, since it requires heavy computations that are not available in
standard computer software. The purpose of the present paper is to provide an easy way to compute the scaled difference chi-square
statistic from the scaled goodness-of-fit test statistics of modelsM
0 andM
1. A Monte Carlo study is provided to illustrate the performance of the competing statistics.
This research was supported by the Spanish grants PB96-0300 and BEC2000-0983, and USPHS grants DA00017 and DA01070. 相似文献
4.
After defining, for each many-sorted signature Σ = (S, Σ), the category Ter(Σ), of generalized terms for Σ (which is the dual of the Kleisli category for
\mathbb TS{\mathbb {T}_{\bf \Sigma}}, the monad in Set
S
determined by the adjunction
TS \dashv GS{{\bf T}_{\bf \Sigma} \dashv {\rm G}_{\bf \Sigma}} from Set
S
to Alg(Σ), the category of Σ-algebras), we assign, to a signature morphism d from Σ to Λ, the functor dà{{\bf d}_\diamond} from Ter(Σ) to Ter(Λ). Once defined the mappings that assign, respectively, to a many-sorted signature the corresponding category of generalized
terms and to a signature morphism the functor between the associated categories of generalized terms, we state that both mappings
are actually the components of a pseudo-functor Ter from Sig to the 2-category Cat. Next we prove that there is a functor TrΣ, of realization of generalized terms as term operations, from Alg(Σ) × Ter(Σ) to Set, that simultaneously formalizes the procedure of realization of generalized terms and its naturalness (by taking into account
the variation of the algebras through the homomorphisms between them). We remark that from this fact we will get the invariance
of the relation of satisfaction under signature change. Moreover, we prove that, for each signature morphism d from Σ to Λ, there exists a natural isomorphism θ
d from the functor TrL °(Id ×dà){{{\rm Tr}^{\bf {\bf \Lambda}} \circ ({\rm Id} \times {\bf d}_\diamond)}} to the functor TrS °(d* ×Id){{\rm Tr}^{\bf \Sigma} \circ ({\bf d}^* \times {\rm Id})}, both from the category Alg(Λ) × Ter(Σ) to the category Set, where d* is the value at d of the arrow mapping of a contravariant functor Alg from Sig to Cat, that shows the invariant character of the procedure of realization of generalized terms under signature change. Finally,
we construct the many-sorted term institution by combining adequately the above components (and, in a derived way, the many-sorted
specification institution), but for a strict generalization of the standard notion of institution. 相似文献
5.
Heinrich Wansing 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2010,39(4):369-393
The trilattice SIXTEEN3\textit{SIXTEEN}_3 is a natural generalization of the well-known bilattice FOUR2\textit{FOUR}_2. Cut-free, sound and complete sequent calculi for truth entailment and falsity entailment in SIXTEEN3\textit{SIXTEEN}_3 are presented. 相似文献
6.
Niels G. Waller 《Psychometrika》2011,76(4):634-649
In linear multiple regression, “enhancement” is said to occur when R
2=b′r>r′r, where b is a p×1 vector of standardized regression coefficients and r is a p×1 vector of correlations between a criterion y and a set of standardized regressors, x. When p=1 then b≡r and enhancement cannot occur. When p=2, for all full-rank R
xx≠I, R
xx=E[xx′]=V
Λ
V′ (where V
Λ
V′ denotes the eigen decomposition of R
xx; λ
1>λ
2), the set B1:={bi:R2=bi¢ri=ri¢ri;0 < R2 £ 1}\boldsymbol{B}_{1}:=\{\boldsymbol{b}_{i}:R^{2}=\boldsymbol{b}_{i}'\boldsymbol{r}_{i}=\boldsymbol{r}_{i}'\boldsymbol{r}_{i};0R2 £ 1;R2lp £ ri¢ri < R2}0p≥3 (and λ
1>λ
2>⋯>λ
p
), both sets contain an uncountably infinite number of vectors. Geometrical arguments demonstrate that B
1 occurs at the intersection of two hyper-ellipsoids in ℝ
p
. Equations are provided for populating the sets B
1 and B
2 and for demonstrating that maximum enhancement occurs when b is collinear with the eigenvector that is associated with λ
p
(the smallest eigenvalue of the predictor correlation matrix). These equations are used to illustrate the logic and the underlying
geometry of enhancement in population, multiple-regression models. R code for simulating population regression models that exhibit enhancement of any degree and any number of predictors is included
in Appendices A and B. 相似文献
7.
8.
Survey data often contain many variables. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is commonly used in analyzing such data. With typical nonnormally distributed data in practice, a rescaled statistic Trml proposed by Satorra and Bentler was recommended in the literature of SEM. However, Trml has been shown to be problematic when the sample size N is small and/or the number of variables p is large. There does not exist a reliable test statistic for SEM with small N or large p, especially with nonnormally distributed data. Following the principle of Bartlett correction, this article develops empirical corrections to Trml so that the mean of the empirically corrected statistics approximately equals the degrees of freedom of the nominal chi-square distribution. Results show that empirically corrected statistics control type I errors reasonably well even when N is smaller than 2p, where Trml may reject the correct model 100% even for normally distributed data. The application of the empirically corrected statistics is illustrated via a real data example. 相似文献
9.
This simulation study investigates the performance of three test statistics, T1, T2, and T3, used to evaluate structural equation model fit under non normal data conditions. T1 is the well-known mean-adjusted statistic of Satorra and Bentler. T2 is the mean-and-variance adjusted statistic of Sattertwaithe type where the degrees of freedom is manipulated. T3 is a recently proposed version of T2 that does not manipulate degrees of freedom. Discrepancies between these statistics and their nominal chi-square distribution in terms of errors of Type I and Type II are investigated. All statistics are shown to be sensitive to increasing kurtosis in the data, with Type I error rates often far off the nominal level. Under excess kurtosis true models are generally over-rejected by T1 and under-rejected by T2 and T3, which have similar performance in all conditions. Under misspecification there is a loss of power with increasing kurtosis, especially for T2 and T3. The coefficient of variation of the nonzero eigenvalues of a certain matrix is shown to be a reliable indicator for the adequacy of these statistics. 相似文献
10.
11.
Katalin Bimbó 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2005,34(5-6):607-620
The implicational fragment of the relevance logic “ticket entailment” is closely related to the so-called hereditary right
maximal terms. I prove that the terms that need to be considered as inhabitants of the types which are theorems of T→ are in normal form and built in all but one case from
and
only. As a tool in the proof ordered term rewriting systems are introduced. Based on the main theorem I define FIT→ – a Fitch-style calculus (related to FT→) for the implicational fragment of ticket entailment. 相似文献
12.
The θ′′-Al3Cu phase plays an important role in the precipitation process of Al–Cu alloys. This phase has a sandwich structure—every two {200}Cu layers are separated by three {200}Al layers. To analyse the formation mechanism of this structure, the elastic strain energy of the {200}Cu and {200}Al layers, and the chemical bonding energy that reflects the interaction between the electrons in Cu and neighbouring Al atoms are calculated and analysed by first-principles calculations, projected density of states and Bader analysis. Our computation results reveal that this sandwich structure is energetically preferred in the competition of elastic strain and chemical bonding energies. To minimise the elastic strain energy of {200}Al and {200}Cu layers, the {200}Cu layers prefer being apart from each other, whereas the chemical bonding energy favours the opposite arrangement because the intermetallic bond between Al and Cu atoms may form through p-d hybridization. 相似文献
13.
Let
be a finite collection of finite algebras of finite signature such that SP(
) has meet semi-distributive congruence lattices. We prove that there exists a finite collection
1 of finite algebras of the same signature,
, such that SP(
1) is finitely axiomatizable.We show also that if
, then SP(
1) is finitely axiomatizable. We offer new proofs of two important finite basis theorems of D. Pigozzi and R. Willard. Our actual results are somewhat more general than this abstract indicates.While working on this paper, the first author was partially supported by the Hungarian National Foundation for Scientific Research (OTKA) grant no. T37877 and the second author was supported by the US National Science Foundation grant no. DMS-0245622.Special issue of Studia Logica: Algebraic Theory of Quasivarieties Presented by
M. E. Adams, K. V. Adaricheva, W. Dziobiak, and A. V. Kravchenko 相似文献
14.
In this paper we investigate a logic for modelling individual and collective acceptances that is called acceptance logic.
The logic has formulae of the form AG:x j{\rm A}_{G:x} \varphi reading ‘if the agents in the set of agents G identify themselves with institution x then they together accept that j{\varphi} ’. We extend acceptance logic by two kinds of dynamic modal operators. The first kind are public announcements of the form
x!y{x!\psi}, meaning that the agents learn that y{\psi} is the case in context x. Formulae of the form [x!y]j{[x!\psi]\varphi} mean that j{\varphi} is the case after every possible occurrence of the event x!ψ. Semantically, public announcements diminish the space of possible worlds accepted by agents and sets of agents. The announcement
of ψ in context x makes all
\lnoty{\lnot\psi} -worlds inaccessible to the agents in such context. In this logic, if the set of accessible worlds of G in context x is empty, then the agents in G are not functioning as members of x, they do not identify themselves with x. In such a situation the agents in G may have the possibility to join x. To model this we introduce here a second kind of dynamic modal operator of acceptance shifting of the form G:x-y{G:x\uparrow\psi}. The latter means that the agents in G shift (change) their acceptances in order to accept ψ in context x. Semantically, they make ψ-worlds accessible to G in the context x, which means that, after such operation, G is functioning as member of x (unless there are no ψ-worlds). We show that the resulting logic has a complete axiomatization in terms of reduction axioms for both dynamic operators.
In the paper we also show how the logic of acceptance and its dynamic extension can be used to model some interesting aspects
of judgement aggregation. In particular, we apply our logic of acceptance to a classical scenario in judgment aggregation,
the so-called ‘doctrinal paradox’ or ‘discursive dilemma’ (Pettit, Philosophical Issues 11:268–299, 2001; Kornhauser and Sager,
Yale Law Journal 96:82–117, 1986). 相似文献
15.
16.
Abstract The dependence of the normal-state resistivity, resistive superconducting transition (T c, ΔT c), and of the upper critical-field slope (dH c2/dT|T=Tc) on density has been investigated for several YBa2Cu3O9-x(x?2.1) samples. The resistivity decreases rapidly with increasing density, whereas T c and ΔT c are rather insensitive to a change in density. dH c2/dT|Tc depends sensitively on the preparation conditions. The implications of these results both for the evaluation of the parameters relevant to the understanding of the nature of superconductivity and for the technological applications of granular superconductors are briefly discussed. 相似文献
17.
David Fernández-Duque 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2011,40(6):767-804
Dynamic Topological Logic (DTL\mathcal{DTL}) is a modal logic which combines spatial and temporal modalities for reasoning about dynamic topological systems, which are pairs consisting of a topological space X and a continuous function f : X → X. The function f is seen as a change in one unit of time; within DTL\mathcal{DTL} one can model the long-term behavior of such systems as f is iterated. One class of dynamic topological systems where the long-term behavior of f is particularly interesting is that of minimal systems; these are dynamic topological systems which admit no proper, closed, f-invariant subsystems. In such systems the orbit of every point is dense, which within DTL\mathcal{DTL} translates into a non-trivial interaction between spatial and temporal modalities. This interaction, however, turns out to
make the logic simpler, and while DTL\mathcal{DTL}s in general tend to be undecidable, interpreted over minimal systems we obtain decidability, although not in primitive recursive
time; this is the main result that we prove in this paper. We also show that DTL\mathcal{DTL} interpreted over minimal systems is incomplete for interpretations on relational Kripke frames and hence does not have the
finite model property; however it does have a finite non-deterministic quasimodel property. Finally, we give a set of formulas
of DTL\mathcal{DTL} which characterizes the class of minimal systems within the class of dynamic topological systems, although we do not offer
a full axiomatization for the logic. 相似文献
18.
J. G. Antonopoulos F. W. Schapink F. D. Tichelaar 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(4):195-201
Abstract The order-disorder phase transition at ∑ = 3{111}- and {211}-type twin boundaries has been studied in the L12-ordered alloy Cu3Au employing in situ heating in a transmission electron microscope. Evidence is presented for an order-disorder phase transition occurring in these boundaries prior to the bulk transition. The temperature difference ΔT between the transition temperature of both boundary types and the bulk is estimated as 0.5K <ΔT<2K. No difference in T c for the twin boundaries can be established as yet. The nature of the order-disorder transition in both twin boundaries is presumably a second-order phase transition. 相似文献
19.
Ja?kowski’s discussive logic D2 was formulated with the help of the modal logic S5 as follows (see [7, 8]): \({A \in {D_{2}}}\) iff \({\ulcorner\diamond{{A}^{\bullet}}\urcorner \in {\rm S}5}\), where (–)? is a translation of discussive formulae from Ford into the modal language. We say that a modal logic L defines D2 iff \({{\rm D}_{2} = \{A \in {\rm For^{\rm d}} : \ulcorner\diamond{{A}^{\bullet}}\urcorner \in {\it L}\}}\). In [14] and [10] were respectively presented the weakest normal and the weakest regular logic which (?): have the same theses beginning with ‘\({\diamond}\)’ as S5. Of course, all logics fulfilling the above condition, define D2. In [10] it was prowed that in the cases of logics closed under congruence the following holds: defining D2 is equivalent to having the property (?). In this paper we show that this equivalence holds also for all modal logics which are closed under replacement of tautological equivalents (rte-logics).We give a general method which, for any class of modal logics determined by a set of joint axioms and rules, generates in the given class the weakest logic having the property (?). Thus, for the class of all modal logics we obtain the weakest modal logic which owns this property. On the other hand, applying the method to various classes of modal logics: rte-logics, congruential, monotonic, regular and normal, we obtain the weakest in a given class logic defining D2. 相似文献
20.
Tarek Sayed Ahmed 《Studia Logica》2007,85(2):139-151
SC, CA, QA and QEA denote the class of Pinter’s substitution algebras, Tarski’s cylindric algebras, Halmos’ quasi-polyadic
and quasi-polyadic equality algebras, respectively. Let . and . We show that the class of n dimensional neat reducts of algebras in K
m
is not elementary. This solves a problem in [2]. Also our result generalizes results proved in [1] and [2].
Presented by Robert Goldblatt 相似文献