多元概化理论在高等教育达标性考试中的应用

本文运用多元概化理论及其方法,研究分析了上海市高等教育统考课程高等数学试卷(2008年),结果发现:在试卷结构上,各部分内容试题均具有较好的测量信度,但赋分比例存在问题;以60分为划界决策分数具有很高的精度;此外,研究还为进一步提高命题质量提供合理化建议。     

新HSK书写成绩可靠性影响因素的概化理论分析

本研究以概化理论为视角,搜集了新HSK五级模拟书写题的作答和评分数据,估算了题型、题量、评卷员人数、评阅速度等潜在影响效应的方差分量,考察了新HSK书写成绩的可靠性,并探索了改善该分数可靠性的途径。基于概化理论和规划求解的数据分析发现了题量的调整方案以及题型、题量、评卷员人数的最优组合方案。本研究对评阅速度进行的分析属于前沿性的理论探索,而其他数据分析结果,则可能有益于旨在改进该测试质量的决策实践。     

新课标下高三语文教学“五化”

高考不是儿戏。就目前来看,高考仍是最公正、公平、客观选拔人才的最佳方式,所以我们必须面对高考、勇于高考、善于高考。新课标实施以来,高考考纲日益规划化、要求逐渐提高,原有高考语文试卷题型也随之更新。怎样才能适应新课标教学,提高高三的语文教学质量,如何在较短时间内使学生整体进步、有效提升呢？“五化”教学法也许能给您带来些许启迪。     

关于高三实用类文本阅读教学的探索

实用类文本阅读是高考语文试卷中所占篇幅很大的一部分,也是所占分值很高的一部分,抓好这一部分的复习,提升学生的阅读能力,对于整张试卷的成绩的提高,显得尤为重要。因此,在高三进入系统复习时,统筹规划了复习方案。具体实施如下：     

金钱激励在社会排斥影响不确定性决策中的调节作用

研究从金钱补偿的视角考察社会排斥对不确定性决策的影响以及金钱激励的调节作用。实验发现,有金钱激励时,被排斥者在爱荷华赌博任务(Iowa gambling task,IGT)中的行为分数(组块2和3的选牌净分数和总的盈利分数)显著高于社会接纳者,表现为风险规避; 在无金钱激励时,被排斥者在IGT任务中的行为分数(组块4和5的选牌净分数和总的盈利分数)显著低于被接纳者,表现为风险寻求。实验结果表明社会排斥对不确定性决策的影响受到金钱激励的调制。     

从多元概化理论看高考综合能力测试的改进

通过多元概化理论的研究发现,高考综合能力测试（2001,广东）的总体信度达到了可以接受的水平（0.784）。但测验中各部分对总方差的贡献程度与预定的赋分比例有较大差距。其中,地理和政治的贡献度偏低,化学和历史的贡献度偏高。这表明有（历史和化学）偏科特点的考生得到了较高的综合分数。又经决策(D)研究发现,增加地理部分的题量会反常地降低测验的总体信度,这说明有不少高分考生答错或主动放弃了地理科题目。因此,如何有效控制各部分的实际贡献程度、避免负面导向是当前高考综合能力测试亟待解决的问题。     

基于多元概化理论的中小学教师资格考试质量分析——以《综合素质》(中学)科目为例

教师资格考试是国家教育规划纲要确定的改革项目之一。本文运用多元概化理论对中小学教师资格考试笔试科目《综合素质》(中学)试卷的测量信度、试卷总分合成、试卷结构优化等问题进行探讨。研究发现:本次测试的测量信度较高,为0.707;各测量分项对全域总分的方差贡献比例与试卷赋分意图基本一致,除写作能力外,其余部分误差在7%以内;可以采取减少客观题数量,增加主观题数量的方式来提高信度。     

非符号数量表征和符号分数表征的关系

个体学习符号分数的一个关键是能对其数值形成准确表征。现有研究假设符号分数表征的认知基础是人类自婴幼儿期就具有的非符号数量表征(如表征两个集合各自的数量, 或两个数量的比例)。其证据包括表征非符号数量(尤其是非符号数量比例关系)和表征符号分数在行为和大脑神经活动层面上都表现出相关性。然而要说明非符号数量表征是符号分数表征的认知基础, 还需更多研究表明两者在数量概念上的独特相关和因果联系, 并阐明符号分数表征形成的认知机制。     

见试卷头晕怎么办

有一个女孩，学习成绩不错，在班上一直名列前茅。谁料，在高考的最后一天，她坐在考场上，眼前突然一片模糊，再也看不清密密麻麻的试卷，结果，名落孙山。落榜的打击使她垂头丧气，经常两眼发呆，     

高考数学试卷多维项目反应理论的分析及应用

高考数学学科试卷的试题综合性较强,一道试题通常考查多种能力属性,而基于单维性假设下的经典测量理论和传统的项目反应理论无法完成该种情形下试卷测量性能分析和考生作答表现分析.本文以MIRT理论为基础,使用CONQUEST软件为工具进行分析,可以获得试卷内部不同能力维度之间的相关以及考生不同维度的能力参数,为提升命题质量和改进教学提供了依据,表明MIRT具有很好的应用前景.由于MIRT理论的复杂性以至于目前分析软件的不足制约其进一步的深入应用,这是今后应该深入研究的问题.     

Predicting Units Needed for College Entrance

This article reports an example of guidance research to improve student decision-making. Each of 278 students in a recent high school graduating class in Palo Alto was classified according to the criterion of highest level of college (in terms of academic preparation required for entrance) by which he had been accepted. A correlation analysis indicated that the criterion could be predicted almost as accurately from test scores and grades available at the end of Grade 9 as from data available in grades 11 and 12. The criterion data and the 9th grade data were incorporated into an experience table for use by 9th graders in determining how rigorous a high school program a student would need for entrance into the highest level of college by which he might eventually be accepted. An additional analysis indicated that many of the poorer students took far more college preparatory courses than they needed for college entrance purposes.     

Social-cognitive factors influencing success on college entrance exams in South Korea

We investigated the influence of social-cognitive factors on students' success on college entrance exams in South Korea. Subjects were 291 college freshmen attending either a prestigious or a less prestigious college. They completed a self-report questionnaire assessing perceived parental control, fear of failure, anxiety, self-efficacy, and time management skills. The results showed that parental psychological control had debilitating effects and self-efficacy had facilitating effects on the performance on the college entrance exam for all students. Fear of failure positively influenced the performance of the students in the less prestigious college but not in the more prestigious college. In addition, comparison of the two colleges revealed that students attending the prestigious college used better time management skills than students attending the less prestigious college. Further, students in the prestigious college tended to be from families with a higher SES level than students attending the less prestigious college. Information is provided to students, parents, and teachers regarding alternative methods for preparing for college entrance exams.     

研究生入学考试写作评分的概化理论研究与多面Rasch分析

为了评价和改进硕士研究生入学考试一般能力测试的写作评分,研究者采用概化理论和多面Rasch分析对113位考生的写作样本的评分误差来源、评分信度等进行了探讨.概化理论研究显示,评分者和题目对评分准确性影响不大,以两道写作题的考试设计而言,评分者为2人即可保证评分信度在0.75以上.多面Rasch分析显示,评分者宽严度的估计值及其误差均在可接受的范围内,评分者之间在宽严度上不存在显著差异,且评分者自身在评分时总体上比较稳定.但个别评分者在特定考生特定题目上表现出特殊偏向.概化理论和多面Rasch分析丰富了写作评分研究的量化指标,证实了硕士研究生入学考试一般能力测试的写作评分具有较高的信度.     

The validity of a persistence test

In order to raise the predictive efficiency of its college entrance test battery, the Educational Testing Service is working on the development of non-academic measures to supplement the standard aptitude and achievement examinations. A test of difficult number series problems was set up to measure persistence by tempting the students to give up early; the students were informed that some of the problems had no solution, and that full credit would be received by so marking them. This test was tried out and found to have some correlation with grades, while having no correlation with the other tests. Adding this test to the battery showed an appreciable rise in the battery's multiple correlation with grades.     

Computer scoring of the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale

The Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS; Lane, Quinlan, Schwartz, Walker, & Zeitlan, 1990) is the most commonly used measure of differentiation and complexity in the use of emotion words and is associated with important clinical outcomes. Hand scoring the LEAS is time consuming. Existing programs for scoring open-ended responses cannot mimic LEAS hand scoring. Therefore, Leaf and Barchard (2006) developed the Program for Open-Ended Scoring (POES) to score the LEAS. In this article, we report a study in which the reliability and validity of POES scoring were examined. In the study, we used three participant types (adult community members, university students, children), three LEAS versions (paper based, computer based, and the LEAS for children), and a diverse set of criterion variables. Across this variety of conditions, the four POES scoring methods had internal consistencies and validities that were comparable to hand scoring, indicating that POES scoring can be used in clinical practice and other applied settings in which hand scoring is impractical.     

Alexithymia is not related to tolerance for cold pressor pain

To test the hypothesis that higher scores on alexithymia are associated with reduced tolerance for cold pressor pain, 116 college undergraduates completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 of Bagby, Parker and Taylor and engaged in the cold pressor test. Their alexithymia scores were not associated with tolerance for cold pressor pain, suggesting that individuals scoring high on alexithymia do not show a general hypersensitivity to a cold stimulus.     

The gender difference on the Mental Rotations test is not due to performance factors

Men score higher than women on the Mental Rotations test (MRT), and the magnitude of this gender difference is the largest of that on any spatial test. Goldstein, Haldane, and Mitchell (1990) reported finding that the gender difference on the MRT disappears when “performance factors” are controlled— specifically, when subjects are allowed sufficient time to attempt all items on the test or when a scoring procedure that controls for the number of items attempted is used. The present experiment also explored whether eliminating these performance factors results in a disappearance of the gender difference on the test. Male and female college students were allowed a short time period or unlimited time on the MRT. The tests were scored according to three different procedures. The results showed no evidence that the gender difference on the MRT was affected by the scoring method or the time limit. Regardless of the scoring procedure, men scored higher than women, and the magnitude of the gender difference persisted undiminished when subjects completed all items on the test. Thus there was no evidence that performance factors produced the gender difference on the MRT. These results are consistent with the results of other investigators who have attempted to replicate Goldstein et al. ’s findings.     

A Proposed Number Correct Scoring Procedure Based on Classical True-Score Theory and Multidimensional Item Response Theory

A hybrid procedure for number correct scoring is proposed. The proposed scoring procedure is based on both classical true-score theory (CTT) and multidimensional item response theory (MIRT). Specifically, the hybrid scoring procedure uses test item weights based on MIRT and the total test scores are computed based on CTT. Thus, what makes the hybrid scoring method attractive is that this method accounts for the dimensionality of the test items while test scores remain easy to compute. Further, the hybrid scoring does not require large sample sizes once the item parameters are known. Monte Carlo techniques were used to compare and contrast the proposed hybrid scoring method with three other scoring procedures. Results indicated that all scoring methods in this study generated estimated and true scores that were highly correlated. However, the hybrid scoring procedure had significantly smaller error variances between the estimated and true scores relative to the other procedures.     

READ ALOUD TO ADULT LEARNERS? OF COURSE!

In a small, private college in the Southwest, underprepared college freshmen in one basic skills English class participated in a projected in which selected short stories, essays, and poems were read aloud to the class while the students followed along with text in hand. Pre‐ and post‐test semester reading scores did not indicate as much gain as the staff had hoped, but excellent gains at the discourse and paragraph levels were achieved in final essays when compared to the students' initial essay production.     

学习压力引发不良情绪的咨询案例

来访者由于受高中复读经历的影响,学习压力大,睡眠质量差,抑郁伴随焦虑。采用合理情绪疗法让来访者与其不合理信念进行辩论,帮助其识别自己的不合理信念并代之以合理的信念,最终制定了考研计划。