网络成瘾研究现状及展望

随着人们对互联网的广泛使用,网络成瘾成为近年来日益突出的一个社会问题,引起了广大研究者的关注和重视。本文根据十多年来国内外对网络成瘾的研究,首先介绍了网络成瘾的概念及其鉴别的主要标准和方法,然后对网络成瘾的心理机制,网络成瘾者的心理特征、生理机制及其干预和治疗的相关研究进行了较为全面和系统的综述。最后,本文提出了网络成瘾研究未来发展的方向。     

互联网使用对共情的影响

随着信息技术的发展,互联网已成为当今社会人际交往的新平台。网络环境和现实环境不同,它具有匿名、便捷和易控制等特点。共情在人际交往中扮演重要的角色,它是指对他人情感的感同身受。互联网环境下共情的研究逐渐受到学者的重视。现有研究表明,不同的互联网使用对共情产生不同的影响:在线暴力视频游戏会降低共情,而在线亲社会视频游戏则对共情产生积极影响;网络社区的使用为网络中人们表露共情提供了重要平台;过度网络使用会对共情产生负面影响。但现有研究比较零散,还存在一些不足。未来要结合多种研究方法进行更多的应用研究,同时加强理论建构。     

阿尔都塞的马克思论:方法论渊源和理论性质辨正

阿尔都塞是当代著名的马克思主义研究者之一。在阿尔都塞理论的研究中,主导的观点认为,阿氏的马克思论是一种“结构主义的马克思主义”。西方的一些研究者们率先将阿尔都塞理论作为结构主义方法的特例,把他与列维一斯特劳斯、拉康等法国的结构主义者相提并论。国内学界从80年代初以来,在介绍和研究阿尔都塞理论时,大多数人也沿用了西方的倾向性说法,给阿氏理论定性为结构主义。我认为,国内外研究者对阿尔都塞的马克思论的定性是不符合历史事实的。之所以形成这种定性,基本原因有三：其一,没有全面、系统地把握阿氏的思维逻辑,没有…     

网络成瘾者的大脑异于常人吗?

研究网络成瘾者的大脑是否异于常人的问题有助于对网络成瘾进行定性、诊断和治疗。近年来认知神经科学研究发现, 与正常人相比, 网络成瘾者的大脑主要存在四个方面的异常：①额叶和扣带回多部位存在结构性萎缩和功能退化, 导致其对上网行为的冲动控制出现障碍。②海马功能障碍, 导致其认知功能特别是工作记忆能力下降。③奖赏中枢功能代偿性增强, 可能与其多巴胺系统的功能异常有关。④内囊后肢的神经纤维结构较密、活性较高, 可能与其长时间兴奋性操作键盘、鼠标或游戏手柄有关。目前的研究结果至少说明：网络成瘾者的大脑存在一些功能性的、与物质成瘾者类似的异常, 但这些异常是否由网络成瘾导致, 以及这些异常是结构性的, 还是持久性的, 则还需要进一步的研究来证实。     

Gating范式：探讨听觉词汇加工的途径

传统的反应时任务只能为听觉词汇加工提供定量数据,而不能提供定性信息,Gating范式的优势在于可以提供以上两种信息,使研究者能够全面、细致地了解听觉词汇加工的即时过程。而且它的适用群体广泛,可被用于研究不同年龄段的发展。文章较详细地介绍了Gating范式的基本特点及其在汉语研究中的应用,期待它被更多的研究者所认识和使用。     

台湾网络成瘾问题硕博士学术研究现况

综观台湾近几年来网络成瘾问题硕搏士研究论文：（1）研究方法采用问卷调查法、质性研究法、类实验设计法等三种型态作研究;（2）研究对象包含高中生、大学生、大学及研究生;（3）研究工具包括中文网络成瘾量表（C1AS）、上网效果正向预期量表、网效果负向预期量表、拒网自我效能量表网络使用调查表等共20种;（4）研究网络成瘾相关变项包括盛行率、性别、上网时数、游戏种类与成瘾的相关性、网络成瘾之认知模式等。长期使用网络在心理层面会形成依赖,在生理层面会形成一些类似戒断反映的症状,因此在享受科技化之际,去了解及认识它对人类各种身心社会的影响力势在必行,去思索改善不良的影响是研究者的责任及使命。     

青少年网络社交使用频率对网络成瘾的影响:家庭经济地位的调节作用

相关研究表明,由于青少年在网络社交中能够获得他人的认可与支持,网络社交对网络成瘾具有显著的影响。自我价值定向理论认为自我价值是人们行为的终极理由,其中他人的认可与接纳、家庭社会经济地位都是自我价值的重要支撑。当青少年生活在高社会经济地位环境中,其自我价值可能越高,网络社交使用频率对网络成瘾的影响可能会减弱。我们从全国7个省收集了1216份青少年自评的网络社交使用频率、网络成瘾倾向以及父母自评的社会经济地位等指标的数据。结果表明:家庭社会经济地位调节着网络社交使用频率与网络成瘾倾向的关系;进一步的分析表明,在高社会经济地位的家庭中,青少年的网络社交使用频率对网络成瘾倾向的影响不显著,而在低社会经济地位的家庭中,青少年的网络社交使用频率对网络成瘾倾向的影响极其显著。结果支持了自我价值定向理论。     

网络功能设计的伦理学反思

网络功能设计的功利价值导向导致网络用户不同程度的感知异化、能力异化和社会角色异化,引发了一系列重大的社会伦理问题。解决这些问题的可能途径是加强伦理因素在网络功能设计的评估和控制中的作用,以此来影响网络技术的发展方向、网络的社会管理和相应的伦理教育。     

想象未来的认知加工成分及其脑网络

合理预期和想象未来事件或场景, 有利于个体做出适应性反应, 促进生存与发展。近年来, 研究者对想象未来的认知加工成分和神经机制进行了深入探讨, 提出了想象未来的相关概念和理论。我们首先概述了想象未来实验常用的思维采样范式和词语-线索范式, 接着介绍了想象未来的自我参照加工、心理场景构建等认知加工成分。此外, 特别介绍了想象未来的默认网络模型以及与之相关的其他大尺度脑网络, 并进一步提出了想象未来的脑网络研究框架。未来的研究可从想象未来的动态脑网络、复杂脑网络以及与疾病的关系等角度入手, 深入探究想象未来的神经机制。     

语言与儿童心理理论关系的一种新观点

语言与心理理论的关系是儿童研究领域的研究者们长期探讨的话题,大量的实验结果表明二者的确存在密切的关系,但具体机制尚未弄清。该文介绍了探讨二者关系的一种新思路,即把心理理论重铸为对认知灵活性的测量,来考察语言在心理理论中的作用。文中介绍了语言的标签效应对认知灵活性影响的实验证据,并预期了在心理理论任务中使用语言标签可能出现的结果。     

Internet research: an opportunity to revisit classic ethical problems in behavioral research

The Internet offers many new opportunities for behavioral researchers to conduct quantitative and qualitative research. Although the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association generalize, in part, to research conducted through the Internet, several matters related to Internet research require further analysis. This article reviews several fundamental ethical issues related to Internet research, namely the preservation of privacy, the issuance of informed consent, the use of deception and false feedback, and research methods. In essence, the Internet offers unique challenges to behavioral researchers. Among these are the need to better define the distinction between private and public behavior performed through the Internet, ensure mechanisms for obtaining valid informed consent from participants and performing debriefing exercises, and verify the validity of data collected through the Internet.     

Internet administration of paper-and-pencil questionnaires used in couple research: assessing psychometric equivalence

This study examined the psychometric equivalence of paper-and-pencil and Internet formats of key questionnaires used in couple research. Self-report questionnaires assessing interpersonal constructs (relationship satisfaction, communication/conflict management, partner support, emotional intimacy) and intrapersonal constructs (individual traits, psychological symptoms, contextual influences) were administered to young adults in committed dating relationships. The same measures were administered twice via paper-and-pencil and/or Internet methods over a 2-week period. Method order was counterbalanced among participants, and temporal stability was controlled. Intrapersonal and interpersonal measures generally remained reliable when administered online and demonstrated quantitative and qualitative equivalence across methods. The implications of online administration of questionnaires are discussed, and specific recommendations are made for researchers who wish to transition to online data collection.     

The Tri-Council Policy Statement and Research in Cyberspace: Research Ethics, the Internet, and Revising a ‘Living Document’

Increasingly, the Internet is proving to be an important research tool. Today, cyberspace affords researchers easy access to traditionally difficult to reach populations, a host of virtual communities, and a wealth of data created through computer-mediated-communication. This newfound research frontier brings with it, however, a multiplicity of ethical concerns, including: (1) whether the Internet constitutes a private or public space; (2) whether the human subject paradigm is appropriate when considering the ethics of Internet research; and (3) whether cyber participants/‘speakers-as-writers’ and communities should be guaranteed confidentiality and anonymity when researchers contain or consider them in research. This paper examines these specific ethical concerns as they relate to Canada's Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, which, as yet, does not explicitly address ethics involved in Internet research. I propose that in large part the Internet is by definition a public site of activity, and as such, many posters cannot expect their texts to remain confidential, nor their names anonymous, and that the human subject paradigm is highly problematic in terms of regulating ethics involved in some research generated through new information technologies. This is most expressly the case with computer-mediated-communication, which, in light of the Tri-Council Policy Statement, can be viewed as theoretically akin to public entertainment and performance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Improving online panel data usage in sales research

The exponential expansion of the Internet has fundamentally altered the nature of personal selling and sales management. The Internet has also created significant change for sales researchers and proffered a bevy of new means of conducting research. Online panel data collection is one such means that has recently proliferated. Online panel data collection imbues a host of advantages sales researchers may reap. However, there are a proportionate number of disadvantages and concerns with collecting and using this type of data. This article delineates said benefits and drawbacks and also provides a review of recent sales-related examples employing this method of data collection. Furthermore, key considerations in utilizing online panel data are advanced. Importantly, several ways to maximize the benefits and minimize the drawbacks inherent to online panel data are provided. This article aims to provide a resource for sales scholars in optimizing their usage of online panel data.     

心理学质性研究：历史、现状和展望

心理学质性研究具有漫长的过去,却只有短暂的历史。心理学自诞生起就具有质性研究传统,但被主流所忽视。从组织机构、出版渠道和研究成果方面看,当前国内外心理学质性研究的发展态势暗示质性研究传统正在回归到主流当中。尽管仍存在误解和急功近利等众多问题和困难需要克服,但是心理学质性研究方法在研究复杂心理现象和产生新的概念、新的理论方面展现了潜力。心理学质性研究的复兴正使心理学处于一个多元化转向的阶段。     

Beyond grounded theory: The use of a heuristic approach to qualitative research

The grounded theory approach has become established as the qualitative methodology of choice for many counselling and psychotherapy researchers. It is now becoming apparent to many researchers that there are significant difficulties associated with defining what the grounded theory method actually is, and how is should be implemented. In addition, its popularity has tended to keep other qualitative approaches under‐explored and under‐utilised. This paper explores some of the methodological issues raised by the grounded theory approach, before presenting and then contrasting heuristic inquiry as a very different but equally useful form of qualitative methodology. Finally, the notion of researcher as bricoleur will be considered in the light of the need to develop pluralistic approaches to qualitative research in counselling and psychotherapy.     

From understanding to insight: using reflexivity to promote students’ learning of qualitative research

Reflexivity is qualitative researchers’ thoughtful and self-aware examination of the intersubjective dynamics between themselves and study participants, evoking insightful understanding of others. Novice qualitative researchers need to acquire reflexive skills for their professional development. In this article, we examine reflexivity among Israeli students on a qualitative research course. We conducted thematic content analysis of the data gathered from the students’ written reflexive journals. Reflexivity was demonstrated by three dimensions in each stage of the students’ experience of learning qualitative research: (1) ‘I as a person’, relating to students’ critical personal perspective; (2) ‘I as a researcher’, referring to the students’ insights about their evolving competencies as researchers; and (3) ‘I as an individual in a sociocultural context’, stressing students’ awareness of their values, beliefs and norms. These findings are discussed, highlighting four key concepts in qualitative research: Taken-for-Granted Expectations; Experience of Discovery; Resonance, and Meaning Making and Insights.     

Secondary Traumatic Stress in Social Science Researchers of Trauma-Exposed Populations

There is an expanding research database regarding secondary trauma exposure among helping professionals across disciplines and settings. However, there is limited research on the incidence of secondary traumatic stress in social science researchers studying traumatized populations. Various disciplines engage in this area of research, which exposes them to the details of aversive events, especially those engaging in qualitative research. This study explores the impact of such exposure by measuring indicators of secondary traumatic stress (STS), burnout (BO), and compassion satisfaction in a group of 104 researchers. Findings revealed high rates of exposure to traumatic material and a subset of researchers at risk for STS. Regression analyses revealed potential risk factors for STS and BO, and qualitative analysis was conducted to further explore the effects of this work on researchers from multiple disciplines.     

Broadening the application of mixed methods in sales research

Mixed method research designs can be extremely useful in extending knowledge in the sales domain. A bevy of mixed method designs are at the disposal of sales researchers seeking to reap the benefits of this combination of research approaches. However, application of mixed methods in sales research has been rather limited, focusing primarily on exploratory sequential designs. The purpose of this article is to provide an exposition of mixed method research in the sales domain and offer avenues of extension that employ underutilized mixed methodological approaches. Accordingly, a definition of mixed methods along with its benefits and drawbacks is espoused followed by guidance in conducting mixed method research. A review of sales-related mixed method studies is then provided and articles containing both quantitative and qualitative methods are analyzed to glean insight on the state of mixed methods research in sales. Future avenues for mixed method research are then provided focusing on best practices and techniques that have yet to be embraced by sales researchers. This article aims to be a resource for sales scholars in expanding the mixed method research paradigm.     

Should Internet Researchers Use Ill-Gotten Information?

This paper describes how the ethical problems raised by scientific data obtained through harmful and immoral conduct (which, following Stan Godlovitch, is called ill-gotten information) may also emerge in cases where data is collected from the Internet. It describes the major arguments for and against using ill-gotten information in research, and shows how they may be applied to research that either collects information about the Internet itself or which uses data from questionable or unknown sources on the Internet. Three examples (the Internet Census 2012, the PharmaLeaks study, and research into keylogger dropzones) demonstrate how researchers address the ethical issues raised by the sources of data that they use and how the existing arguments concerning the use of ill-gotten information apply to Internet research. The problems faced by researchers who collect or use data from the Internet are shown to be the same problems faced by researchers in other fields who may obtain or use ill-gotten information.