医药代表现象与药品价格政策的改革

探讨医药代表所引出的药品价格政策等问题,通过分析医药代表发生阶段性错位的原因,引出对药品价格改革的思考。我国的药品价格虚高是导致医疗市场失控的根本原因,医药代表的错位只是一种表现。根除这种错位必须首先解决药品价格虚高的问题。     

医药代表现象与药品价格政策的改革

探讨医药代表所引出的药品价格政策等问题,通过分析医药代表发生阶段性错位的原因,引出对药品价格改革的思考.我国的药品价格虚高是导致医疗市场失控的根本原因,医药代表的错位只是一种表现.根除这种错位必须首先解决药品价格虚高的问题.     

药价“虚高”:成因、结果分析与对策探讨

药品价格“虚高”已成为近年来药品市场中的一个突出问题。通过考量药价“虚高”的成因,并从实证的角度分析药价“虚高”的结果———“有效需求人数”和“消费者剩余”的减少,提出一些建议。     

药价"虚高":成因、结果分析与对策探讨

药品价格"虚高"已成为近年来药品市场中的一个突出问题.通过考量药价"虚高"的成因,并从实证的角度分析药价"虚高"的结果--"有效需求人数"和"消费者剩余"的减少,提出一些建议.     

影响连环画收藏的因素研究

20世纪90年代中后期,连环画越来越多地出现在拍卖会、交易会、精品收藏展示会中,拍卖的价格逐年走高,连环画收藏热兴起.从近年部分连环画拍卖价格分析,影响连环画收藏的主要因素有:是否具有鲜明的时代特征;是否是名家名作:是否是初版初印;是否现存数量较少以及品相是否完好等.     

医疗机构实施“医药分离”的探索性研究

为了改变“以药补医”的不合理补偿机制,国内外医疗机构多采用“医药分家”政策,事实证明,该政策弊大于利。介绍了镇安县村级医疗机构实施的“医药分离”模式并分析了其对次均就诊药品费用、医疗费用以及药品费用占医疗费用比例的影响,认为该模式能够降低药品价格、减少医疗费用支付,值得借鉴和推广。     

降低药费支出如何可能

政府人为压低医疗服务价格导致的"以药补医"机制赋予了医疗机构抬高药价、谋取售药利润的合法权力,而公立医疗机构在药品零售环节上的双向行政垄断地位使其具有足够的能力高价卖药以获得高额卖药收益,进销差价率管制则进一步诱导医院进销高价药,而单独定价政策加之宽松的新药审批制度为药厂提高药品批发价、医院购销高价药提供了便利.所有这些问题源于政府管制的失当."收支两条线"改革根本无助于实现控制药品费用并促进医院合理用药的目标.降低药费支出的根本措施是消除价格管制,实现医疗服务市场定价、消除"以药补医"体制,消除公立医疗机构对药品零售的垄断,最终实现医药分开.     

消费决策中的零：零价格效应和零比较效应

数字“0”由于自身所具有的特性(最小的自然数和不可作为被除数),当其与商品的价格维度和属性维度相结合时会对消费者的决策产生影响。已有研究表明商品的零价格和零属性会对消费决策产生影响,即零价格效应和零比较效应。情绪和社会规范是零价格效应产生的心理机制,参照依赖则是零比较效应产生的心理机制。商品价格、商品类型和消费者的心理因素是零价格效应的边界条件;而选项的数量是零比较效应的边界条件。未来的研究可以从不同商品类型、不同社会规范、“价格-损失”与“价格-质量”、注意等角度对零价格效应进行深入研究;也可以从结构匹配模型和齐当别模型的角度进一步探索零比较效应的“比较”机制;可以探讨价格是否能被视为商品的“坏属性”,进而讨论零价格效应和零比较效应二者之间的关系。     

取消药品加成政策对医疗费用的影响

政府取消医院药品加成政策,增加对医院的补贴,增设药事服务费的做法在降低医疗费用方面难以取得理想效果,因为药品加成政策只是医疗费用高的表面原因,医疗费用高的真正原因是医疗系统的垄断,降低医疗费用必须采取包括放松政府管制、引进民间资本、维护医疗市场秩序、理顺医疗服务价格等综合措施.     

取消药品加成政策对医疗费用的影响

政府取消医院药品加成政策,增加对医院的补贴,增设药事服务费的做法在降低医疗费用方面难以取得理想效果,因为药品加成政策只是医疗费用高的表面原因,医疗费用高的真正原因是医疗系统的垄断,降低医疗费用必须采取包括放松政府管制、引进民间资本、维护医疗市场秩序、理顺医疗服务价格等综合措施。     

清末北京首家官立医院

1902年,北京发生霍乱,死亡无数。为了救助贫民和乞丐,清政府成立临时的医疗机构——北京官医局。1903年,北京官医局变成常设医疗机构——医院。北京官医局是北京的首家官立医院,1901年实行新政后,清政府开始改良医学,重要措施之一即是设立官办医院,后来逐渐成为民众医疗的主体。     

Effect of Perceived Politics and Perceived Support on Bullying and Emotional Exhaustion: The Moderating Role of Type A Personality

Recognizing that bullying can occur in varying degrees of severity, the current study suggest the importance of individual traits in individual perceptions of being targets of bullying and ensuing emotional exhaustion. The present study extends the work environment hypothesis and trait activation theory by a joint investigation of the mediating role of (a) workplace bullying in linking perceived organization politics and perceived organization support with emotional exhaustion and (b) the moderating role of Type A behavioral pattern in influencing the mediation. Using a field sample of 262 employees working in different organizations of Pakistan, this study tested a moderated mediation model. Results were consistent with the hypothesized model, in that workplace bullying mediated the relationship of perceived organization politics and perceived organization support with emotional exhaustion. Type A behavior moderated the perceived politics—bullying, perceived support–bullying, and bullying—emotional exhaustion relationships. The mediation of bullying varied with levels of Type A behavior in these relationships.     

Perceived organizational support as a mediator of the relationship between politics perceptions and work outcomes

The present study investigates the mediating potential of perceived organizational support (POS) on politics perceptions-work outcomes relationships. Consistent with previous research, individuals were able to discriminate political activity at more than one level (i.e., at the highest level in the organization, one level up from one’s current level, and at one’s current level). Further, politics perceived at one level up from one’s current level and politics at the highest levels in the organization were negatively related to perceived organizational support. In addition, POS was related to job satisfaction, performance, affective commitment and job-induced tension providing support for mediation. Implications of these findings, strengths and limitations, and potential avenues for future research are provided.     

Francophonie albertaine et inclusion des nouveaux arrivants: post mortem à un débat sur un changement de nom

On October 13th, 2006, a controversial item appeared on the agenda of the Annual General Meeting of ACFA : a name change for this organization, the official representative of Francophones in Alberta. Discussions prior to the vote revealed the substantial problems the organization is facing in creating a sense of community among Francophones in the province.     

政治伦理的现代建构

政治伦理作为一门研究人类政治正当性及其操作规范和方法论的价值哲学。时政治明的发展和政治体制改革,具有导向、规范和终极价值关怀的意义。政治的正当性在于谋取人类“优良的生活”。在人类政治生活中具有优先性。围绕政治的正当性问题而展开的人类政治的价值选择和伦理结构是政治伦理的主体内容。人类生活在由政治支撑着的社会框架中,政治价值理念、政治制度伦理、政治组织伦理以及政治行为主体伦理,是现代政治伦理构成的基本框架。     

Organizational Politics and Deviance: Exploring the Role of Political Skill

Building on social exchange theory, this study examines the relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and employee performance and interpersonal skills. We hypothesized that perceptions of organizational politics create an imbalance in the exchange relationship between employee and organization, which leads to organizational deviance. We also hypothesized that supervisors may attempt to rebalance the exchange relationship by providing lower performance and interpersonal skills ratings. Finally, we suggest that politically skilled employees avoid an increase in negative ratings. The present study demonstrates that perceptions of organizational politics may lead to negative employee behaviors and reduced supervisors’ ratings in an effort to rebalance the exchange relationship. In addition, politically skilled employees may avoid increased negative ratings when politics perceptions are high.     

The Contribution of Positive Politics to the Prediction of Employee Reactions

This study investigates whether perceptions of positive (i.e., beneficial) political behaviors are distinct from those of negative political behaviors and the extent to which positive politics perceptions contribute to the prediction of organizationally relevant employee reactions. Data were drawn from 119 survey respondents. The results indicate that, rather than 2 ends of a continuum of political behavior, positive and negative politics represent separate perceptions both of which are seen to occur for individual, group, and organizational foci. In addition, perceptions of positive politics contribute significantly beyond perceptions of negative politics to the prediction of the 4 outcomes used in this study (satisfaction with one's job, supervision, and coworkers; and fulfillment of one's psychological contract with the organization).     

The moderating effect of teamwork perceptions on the organizational politics--job satisfaction relationship

By using regression analyses on data from 355 full-time employees of a customer-service organization in the eastern United States, the authors tested the hypothesis that perceptions of organizational politics are more strongly related to job dissatisfaction among individuals who perceive low levels of teamwork importance than among those who perceive high levels of teamwork importance. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis of the data revealed that the moderating effect of teamwork importance was most relevant at average-to-high levels of perceived politics. That finding supports the assertion that one way to address the negative impact of organizational politics is to try to ensure that employees value teamwork.     

The 40 Members of the Toronto 18: Group Boundaries and the Analysis of Illicit Networks

Increases in studies on the network dynamics of crime groups and co-offending has led many scholars to reflect on potential measurement biases arising from a reliance on official data sources. A problem of official data is that it forces boundaries on criminal groups that are much more fluid and dynamic than they seem. Drawing from interviews with an individual embedded in a terrorist organization and court documents records, we apply longitudinal network methods to examine the extent to which official data influences assessments of a criminal group. Findings show that only a minority of participants interacting with the group were charged for a crime. Yet the majority had an impact on the evolution of the group. Ignoring non-criminal affiliates masks the full scope of covert groups and the variation that can assist in understanding how groups emerge and evolve.     

Identity,politics, and the future(s) of religion in the UK: the case of the religion questions in the 2001 decennial census1>

With the publication of the results of the United Kingdom's decennial Census questions on religion it is important to situate this data within the wider social and religious contexts that led to the inclusion of these questions in the Census. This includes engagement with some of the issues likely to affect both the data itself and the uses to which it might be put. The varied forms of the questions on religion as asked in different parts of the UK are outlined within the context of a discussion of the scholarly taxonomy of religions. The questions are also explored in the light of the interplay between the varied categories of religions and the official ‘recognition’ implied by their use within the Census. Finally, the place of religious statistics within the ‘politics of identity’ as well as their potential contribution to the development of a communalist ‘identity politics’ are critically explored.