Développement de la reconnaissance des émotions chez l'enfant avec trisomie 21

We proposed a matching task consisting of pairing an emotional sound and a human face and, after that a noise with an animal. Down syndrome children do not differ with other children in emotional recognition abilities of human faces pictures. Results are compared with those of children with mental retardation and typical children matched on developmental age (K ABC, non-verbal scale). Results do not validate Kasari's presumption concerning with emotional recognition deficit in Down children of 4 years of developmental age mental.     

Développement des capacités sociolinguistiques chez des enfants et adolescents porteurs de trisomie 21 et étude de l'environnement sociolinguistique maternel

The aim of our research is to understand the language disturbances in Down syndrome children. Several studies demonstrated substantial differences between sociolanguage behaviours of mothers' Down syndrome children and those of mothers of non retarded children. We propose that these differences can explain DS language disturbances. So, we have compared 12 mother-child dyads (4 Down syndrome children are from 8 to 9 years, 4 are from 12 to 13 years and 4 are from 16 to 17 years). Dyads play in tutorial interaction. Results show language abilities evolution for Down syndrome subjects. Nevertheless, mothers' sociolanguage behaviors do no change.     

Habiletés phonologiques chez des enfants dysphasiques de GS et CP : étude comparative avec des enfants au développement langagier normal

The aim of this study was to investigate the deficit in phonological skills of pre-reader and beginning reader children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). We compared their performances in different metaphonological tasks (a common unit detection task (syllable vs phoneme) and a phoneme deletion task) with those of children with Normal Language Development (NLD) of the same school level. Phoneme detection task is very difficult for all children in kindergarten. The performances of SLI children are poorer than those of NLD children for syllables and phonemes in first grade. The forced choice phoneme deletion tasks point out a specific difficulty for children with SLI to focus on the phonological properties of words when their attention must shift from content to form.     

La fonction évaluative de la personnologie, vers la mise en évidence de deux dimensions de la valeur : la désirabilité sociale et l'utilité sociale

It is now widely recognized that Evaluation is a very powerful and fundamental dimension underlying trait structures, but what is Evaluation? In this paper we review various models (and empirical data) related to the signification of the Evaluative factor in personality traits. This review will lead us to defend the hypothesis that personality traits communicate two dimensions of value: (1) social desirability (SD) which refers to affective valence or motivation and (2) social utility (SU) which corresponds to the fundamental principle of evaluation in a society. We'll present empirical data supporting this conception.     

Perceptions musicales et conscience phonologique : recherche auprès d’enfants francophones d’âge préscolaire

Research led with English, Turkish and Slovak-speaking preschoolers have shown positive correlations between musical perceptual skills and phonological awareness. However, limited studies have been conducted in other linguistic contexts. In that regard, the aim of this study is to examine the correlation between musical perceptual skills (pitch and duration discrimination) and phonological awareness (syllable, rhyme and phoneme identification; rhyme identification) among 61 Francophone preschoolers (34 girls and 27 boys, mean age 4.7 months). Each participant completed a phonological awareness test, a music perception test and a non-verbal cognitive abilities task (spatial memory). The relationship between musical perceptual skills and phonological awareness was investigated using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Preliminary analyses were performed to ensure no violation of the assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity. There was a moderate positive correlation between the two variables. The syllable identification task was the only one correlated with both pitch and duration discrimination tasks. It is possible to believe that better perceptual musical abilities improve, even boost, syllable treatment among Francophone preschoolers. Since rhyme and phoneme awareness seem to emerge after syllable awareness, this could explain why no correlation was observed with musical perceptual skills among those young participants.     

Effets comportementaux et cognitifs de l'engagement dans un acte préparatoire activant un élément central versus périphérique de la représentation du don d'organes

We render an account of a research programme that links two fields of study usually unconnected: the field of the freely agreed submission and the field of social representations. Two hypothesis are tested in the foot-in-the door paradigm: participants that agree to perform an initial request (to sign a petition) that selects a core element of the representation of organ donation: a) will be more inclined to agree to perform the target request (to sign a donor card); and b) will have an attitude more favourable about organ donation than participants that agree to perform an initial request that selects a peripheral element. The two experiments presented confirm these hypotheses.     

L'activité conversationnelle d'un jury de validation d'acquis : analyse interlocutoire de la formation d'un concept potentiel

In this contribution, authors try to give an interlocutory analysis of a particular verbal and work situation: a face to face activity of acquired knowledge validation panel. The analysis is made in order to verify the hypothesis that conversational activity, that realises an evaluative activity, is both the place and the instrument of the construction of a potential concept. Vygotski (1934/1997) calls “potential concept” the meeting between a concrete meaning, developed in action, with a “scientific concept”.     

Les intérêts professionnels des collégiens : l'évolution sur un quart de siècle

Two inventories assessing interests of boys (QIG 7,6,5) and of girls (QIF 7,6,5) have been completed by 428 pupils of seventh form in 2004. Results have been compared with those obtained in 1970 and 1976 in comparable studies. On the one hand, appears a fall of the scientific interests and interests for nature and, on the other hand, a rise of the artistic and manual, social and commercial interests. Variations are differentiated for two categories: literary interests are stable among boys and in fall among girls, while sport interests are in rise (G) or stable (F). At last, scores in two specific categories are stable: mechanics (G), domestic (F). These variations seem to follow a general social evolution, but do not modify the differences between genders.     

Influence de la composition de la fratrie sur les pratiques éducatives parentales déclarées et sur la représentation de l'éducation chez les préadolescents

The aim of our study is to analyze the influence of the make up of the siblings on the parents' educational practices and also on the meaning of education to preadolescents. The results gathered from a sample of 88 preadolescents and their mothers show a difference of parental educational practices according to the make up of the siblings (relaxation of the practices with the youngest). The study of the meaning of education to preadolescents shows that only children are the most in accordance with their mothers. Children from large families imagine a future education further from mothers' educational practices.     

La transition études-travail : un modèle multithéorique et longitudinal

In order to study the correlational and causal relationships which link the antecedents, the process, and the results of the school-to-work transition, a longitudinal research (18 months) was performed with a sample of 123 engineering students during the last semester of their academic program. A multidimensional theoretical approach allowed to show, with the use of structural equations, that the intention to find a job (antecedent) resulted essentially from the perceived behavioral control and the social norm associated with such a project, and predicted the efficiency of the job search activity (process) which, itself, significantly determined the objective and the subjective quality (result) of the obtained job. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical implications and of possible preventive interventions with persons who have to cope with a school-to-work transition.     

Pratiques éducatives parentales face à des enfants porteurs d'une trisomie 21 et des enfants non déficients : étude comparative d'une activité conjointe d'encastrement en période précoce

This research studies the varied forms of parental supervision in early period. With this intention, thirty-six dyads non-defective parent-child of second year of life and thirty-six dyads parent-child carrying a Down syndrome, of the same age of development were thus observed, during a situation of play of embedding. The cluster analysis revealed the existence of four forms of parental guidance: one non-directive form and three directives forms corresponding to the communication of increasingly precise information for the resolution. Also, the four forms are very similar between the two groups. In conclusion, our results suggest, that independently of the groups, the varied forms of parental guidance could be regulated by the parental goals.     

L'interprétation d'indices non verbaux par les enfants

Interpreting appropriately face expressions and analyzing social relations between people, according to their actions are useful competence for treating pragmatic aspects of communication. We do research on these competences by presenting a recognition emotion task, and a task in which movements of geometrical figures simulate social interaction, to 98 children (children aged 8, 10, 12 and 14 years, children with autism and mental retardation). Results show that answers qualitatively increase with age, even after 12 years. Children with autism encounter more difficulties to recognize emotional expression than to attribute intentional actions. Emotion recognition is related to simple intention attribution but not with complex one, which develops later.     

Le paradigme de Jellison et Green : de la clairvoyance à la réactivité normative

This article questions congruence between the contents of the definition of the concept of normative perspicacity and Jellison and Green's paradigm to obtain its measurement. It centres the discussion on the capacity of the subjects to answer the changes of instructions and restores it in the study of complex mechanisms governing the relations of the individuals with the social standards.     

La chair vécue du cerveau : un objet épistémologique du cerveau psychologique

The psychological brain is an object, invented in the history of psychophysiology, which finds today an epistemological renewal in the neurosciences of the action and the emotion: the moving body is from now on an alive subject in the heart of psychological research.     

Adaptation française d’une version courte de l’Inventaire des rôles sexués de Bem pour enfants (Child Sex Role Inventory)

The main objective of this work is to propose a French adaptation of the Child Sex Role Inventory (CSRI; Boldizar, 1991) in a short form. This one will be called “Inventaire des rôles sexués de Bem-enfants” (IRSB-E). The validation of the new inventory followed the main recommendations of Vallerand (1989): (1) conception of a preliminary version; (2) evaluation of items’ clarity and concomitant validity of the questionnaire; (3) evaluation of its construct validity by the analysis of its factorial structure (Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analyses); (4) evaluation of internal consistency and fidelity test-retest of the instrument and (5) study of the correlates. On the whole, five studies implying 654 subjects were carried out. In its final version, the questionnaire comprises two sub scales called masculinity and femininity made up of nine and eight items respectively, gathering on three dimensions for the masculinity scale (i.e., self-affirmation, competition, leadership) and two dimensions for the femininity scale (i.e., sensitivity to others, tenderness). The construct validity of the questionnaire was attested by (a) exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and (b) correlates in conformity with the theory. This tool made it possible to reproduce data evoked in the literature, in particular positive correlations between masculinity and masculine-stereotyped activities (e.g., mathematics, sport practice) on the one hand, and self-esteem on the other hand; femininity being rather negatively correlated with self-esteem and sport practice but positively related to perceived competence in French.     

Norme de motivation intrinsèque et utilité sociale : recherches dans le champ organisationnel

Numerous theoretical models have been proposed to explain motivation in organizational settings. Several authors such as Herzberg, Deci and Ryan distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A new approach to intrinsic motivation (François, 2003) is now developping in France. It consists of considering that “intrinsic motivation” is a social norm. We have tested the normativity of intrinsic motivation in two field studies using the judge's paradigm. The first study was conducted on 52 recruiters, the second was conducted on 25 experts evaluating a project concerning the creation of an organization. Results show that evaluators prefered intrinsically motivated than extrinsically motivated candidates in both studies. Finally evaluators used utilitarians traits to describe intrinsically motivated candidates. This result gives force to a normative interpretation of intrinsic motivation.     

Les déterminants psychologiques de la blessure physique du sportif : une revue de littérature

The purpose of the present paper is to review the studies having focused on the psychological antecedents of physical injury in a sport context. As a whole, the researches conducted in this field have highlighted the influence of stress in injuries-related problems. However, other researches in health psychology propose that complementary factors and processes could lead to be injured. Beyond the stress influence, these models suggest that the voluntary adoption of health or risky behaviours could play a role in the occurrence of sport-related injuries. The psychological determinants of these behaviours are now identified. Few studies however sought to show the relevance of these determinants in the identification of the athletes likely to be injured. A model is suggested in order to engage research in this field.     

Psychologie, épistémologie et théorie de la représentation : fondation analogique et données séminales

Our scientific systems mirror our mental constraints: the limits of our mental representations lead us to a better reconstitution of the world by some scientific theories. Thus, the ways of representation by a mental system provide a fruitful paradigm for epistemology. To tackle this point, we start from an experiment of psychology on the impact of seed data on the representation of geography. We try to generalize the concept of seed data in the framework of the theory of analogical foundation of representations. A parallel is outlined between: 1) the integration of a piece of information into a mental system; 2) the integration of data into a scientific system. We bring up some consequences about the fonction of experimentation.