共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Robert N. Hughes 《Current Psychology》1987,6(4):331-336
Male and female golden hamsters spontaneously alternated successive entries of T-maze arms (derived from a + − maze) rather
than body turns during a series of eight consecutive trials except when not confined to the arm chosen on each trial. Only
unconfined males failed to alternate on their first opportunity. Confinement to an entered arm for 30 seconds had no effect
on females but increased alternation in males. Increasing the visual discriminability of the arms had no effect on alternation
in either sex. It was concluded that spontaneous alternation behavior in hamsters depended upon whether or not they were confined
to a chosen arm and their sex. It is possible that the phenomenon was escape-related. 相似文献
3.
4.
5.
6.
Abstract. The social behavior of young children was assessed in a strange situation which was to become increasingly more stressful. The strange-situation procedure reported by Ainsworth & Wittig (1969) was repeated as closely as possible. Children between 1 and 11 /2 years were accompanied by their mothers or by a female stranger in various combinations, or were alone, according to a prearranged sequence. The data were subjected to a commonality analysis (Masters & Wellman, 1974). Common changes in the frequencies of 20 behavior items were noted across the different episodes. The physicaldistance relationship between the child and its companion, the exploratory behavior of the child, and individual differences among the children were analyzed in light of Bowlby's attachment theory. The results gave some support to the findings reported by Ainsworth and her group, but also pointed to functional differences between the behavior items examined. The results on crying were compared with those of Ainsworth & Wittig (1969), showing a fair degree of agreement. Finally, the subjects were divided into groups according to an operationalization of the criteria given by Ainsworth et al. (1971). Often children, only three could unequivocally be placed in one of eight groups. This suggests that it may be difficult to use the group characterization proposed by Ainsworth et al. 相似文献
7.
Children of mentally-ill parents are population at increased risk for psychiatric disorder, and recent research has focused on the psychological development of these individuals. The Rochester Adaptive Behavior Inventory (RABI) was developed to measure the adaptive behavior of such high-risk children based upon a parental interview. Scales defining specific behavior spheres were reproduced in four samples of 30- and 48-month-olds. These scales differentiated high-risk children along dimensions of maternal psychopathology and social status. Global measures of maternal illness, such as severity of symptoms, proved to be more powerful than specific diagnosis. Race and socio-economic status also had a major impact on adaptive behavior. Implications of the data for high-risk theories of schizophrenia are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Factors affecting spontaneous alternation behavior (SAB) in animals, for example, age, gender and species studied; type of
apparatus and cues employed; and neuro-anatomical, neuro-chemical and motivational status of the organism, were reviewed.
Despite a myriad of experiments showing interesting main effects of such variables, little research has been performed assessing
the interactive affects of these factors on alternation behavior. For example, psychologists test rats in central nervous
system (CNS) lesion studies, whereas psychopharmacologists tend to assess SAB in mice. Most importantly, studies have not
been reported investigating the possible interactions among species, brain lesions and drugs. This is an unfortunate omission
since several important alternation models include propositions relating to cholinergic and/or serotonergic coding in the
hippocampus. Examination of behavioral studies revealed the primary cue for alternation among invertebrates to be body turn,
whereas vertebrates rely primarily on directional and odor cues. Reference to the seeking of stimulus change remains the most
compelling motivational account of why animals manifest this ubiquitious and reliable behavior pattern.
This review and the unpublished studies were supported by Research Grants MH16962, MH21288, and MH36491 from the National
Institute of Mental Health and the Wake Forest University Research and Publication Fund. 相似文献
9.
10.
This study was designed to investigate the relationship between 15 emotional indicators on the Bender-Gestalt Test and acting-out behavior in young children. The subjects were 93 children ranging in age from five to 12 years. Each was administered the Bender. A measure of each subject's overt acting-out behavior was then obtained by having teachers rate each student on a Behavioral Rating Scale. Subjects' records were then divided into groups on the basis of both sex and age. Results indicated that neither the total number of Bender indicators nor any of the individual Bender indicators were correlated significantly with total scores on the rating scale. Use of the Bender as a projective device to measure acting-out behavior was seriously questioned. 相似文献
11.
12.
13.
Deborah Kirby Forgays 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1992,11(1):3-19
Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) is characterized by competitiveness, a sense of time-urgency, impatience, and aggression/hostility
and it has been associated with coronary heart disease and occupational stress in men. Recently, research had begun to examine
TABP in women. However, the majority of studies focus on women as student or employee and not in the role of mother. Thus,
although women spend a significant proportion of their adult lives bearing and raising children, little is known about TABP
relationships in these roles. Further, the parenting adjustment literature amply describes the stressful nature of parenting
a young child but with little attention paid to the relationship between maternal individual characteristics and parenting
stress. This study investigated maternal adjustment and TABP in order to provide a clearer picture of Type A women as mothers
as well as to expand information on individual characteristics which contribute to or mediate a woman’s adjustment to motherhood.
Because of its presumed relationship to TABP and stress, maternal employment status was a control variable. One hundred twenty-six
women with children between the ages of 9–24 months completed questionnaires reporting maternal stress, maternal perceptions
of her child and somatic complaints. TABP was assessed by two measures, the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS) and a recent measure,
the Adolescent/Adult Type A Behavior Scale (AATABS), which yields factor scores as well as a global TABP rating. Overall,
Type A women reported higher levels of child-related stress and personal stress than Type B women. Certain factors such as
Hurry, Control, and Hostility were also associated with stress indices. There was qualified support for a relationship between
the TABP factor, Hurry, and self-reported somatic complaints. Directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Deborah Kirby Forgays 《Current Psychology》1992,11(1):3-19
Type A Behavior Pattern (TABP) is characterized by competitiveness, a sense of time-urgency, impatience, and aggression/hostility
and it has been associated with coronary heart disease and occupational stress in men. Recently, research had begun to examine
TABP in women. However, the majority of studies focus on women as student or employee and not in the role of mother. Thus,
although women spend a significant proportion of their adult lives bearing and raising children, little is known about TABP
relationships in these roles. Further, the parenting adjustment literature amply describes the stressful nature of parenting
a young child but with little attention paid to the relationship between maternal individual characteristics and parenting
stress. This study investigated maternal adjustment and TABP in order to provide a clearer picture of Type A women as mothers
as well as to expand information on individual characteristics which contribute to or mediate a woman’s adjustment to motherhood.
Because of its presumed relationship to TABP and stress, maternal employment status was a control variable. One hundred twenty-six
women with children between the ages of 9–24 months completed questionnaires reporting maternal stress, maternal perceptions
of her child and somatic complaints. TABP was assessed by two measures, the Framingham Type A Scale (FTAS) and a recent measure,
the Adolescent/Adult Type A Behavior Scale (AATABS), which yields factor scores as well as a global TABP rating. Overall,
Type A women reported higher levels of child-related stress and personal stress than Type B women. Certain factors such as
Hurry, Control, and Hostility were also associated with stress indices. There was qualified support for a relationship between
the TABP factor, Hurry, and self-reported somatic complaints. Directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
15.
Gail F. Melson 《Sex roles》1977,3(1):81-89
Spatial preferences with feltboard figures, observed interpersonal distance, and sex-role identification were examined in 80 preschool children. On the feltboard measure, 4- to 5-year-olds chose generally greater interpersonal distance than younger children. Sex of stimulus figure also influenced older children's distance choices. When same-sex pair play was videotaped, older boys spent significantly more time at far distances and less time at close distances than younger boys. A positive correlation between sex-role identification, measured by the Rabban toy choice task, and feltboard figure distance was obtained for older boys only. Findings supported the notion that sex-related interpersonal spatial norms may be learned during the preschool years, particularly by boys.This study is based on a doctoral dissertation written by the author and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at Michigan State University, 1974. 相似文献
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Following pretraining with everyday objects, 1- to 4-year-old children received listener training with three pairs of arbitrary stimuli of differing shapes. For each pair, 9 children were trained to select one stimulus in response to the spoken word /zog/ and the other to the spoken word /vek/. Next, in the look-at-sample category match-to-sample test, none categorized the six stimuli correctly when asked to look at the sample before selecting from five comparisons. Seven of these children failed a subsequent test of corresponding speaker behavior (tact test); following tact training, 5 of them passed either a repeat of the look-at-sample category test (2 subjects) or an alternative category test (3 subjects) in which they were required to tact the sample before selecting comparisons. The remaining 2 failed both category tests. Of the 2 who passed the tact test, 1 passed the tact-sample category test; the other failed to complete category testing. Two children were next given a second stimulus set. One passed the look-at-sample category test and the tact test; the other failed both tests but passed the tact-sample category test after tact training. The results show that 1- to 4-year-old children may learn listener behavior without corresponding speaker behavior. The results also show that common listener behavior is not sufficient to establish arbitrary stimulus classes, and they are consistent with the proposition that naming may be necessary for categorization of such stimuli. 相似文献