The Mozart effect: questions about the seminal findings of Rauscher, Shaw, and colleagues

Seminal evidence for the Mozart effect was presented by Rauscher, Shaw, and colleagues in 1993 and 1994. A critical evaluation of their methodologies and interpretation of findings raises questions that must be answered before this evidence can be regarded as valid. We discuss issues such as their scoring of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, the experimental design used in their 1993 study, the validity of their 1993 IQ measure, the duration of the Mozart effect, their choice of experimental tasks in relation to predictions of the trion model of neural functioning, and the statistical analyses and interpretation of results in the 1993 and 1994 studies.     

Delinquency in gangs — Selection or socialization?

Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, and Chard-Wierschem's (1993) introduced three models to account for why gangs are associated with high levels of delinquency. Existing research using Thornberry et al.'s (1993) models to explain the gang-delinquency association has been inconclusive. This paper seeks to address this gap in research by incorporating Moffitt's (1993) developmental taxonomy of delinquency within Thornberry et al.'s (1993) explanatory models. A few proposals are put forth in this paper: (1) support for Thornberry et al.'s (1993) models depends on developmental stage of the individual, (2) the selection model explains delinquency of life-course-persistent gang members, while social facilitation model explains delinquency of adolescence-limited gang members, and (3) support for the enhancement model is an artifact of assuming a homogenous gang sample.     

Reviews

J.-B. Pontalis (translated by James Greene with Marie-Christine Reguis) Love of Beginnings London: Free Association Books, 1993, £13.95, 171 pp.

Paul V. TradShort-term Parent-Infant Psychotherapy New York: Basic Books, 1993, hardback, 350 pp.

Valerie Sinason,Understanding Your Handicapped ChildLondon: Tavistoc/Rosendale Press, 1993, £4.99 paperback.     

Reply to William R. Ferrell's paper "Calibration of sensory and cognitive judgments: A single model for both"

William R. Ferrell's paper is a reply to our article "Calibration of sensory and cognitive judgments: Two different accounts", 1993, 34, 135–148 in this journal. Ferrell's critique centres around three issues: (1) The model of sensory discrimination proposed by Björkman et al. (1993) and discussed in Winman and Juslin (1993) is not new, (2) this model does not predict underconfidence, (3) there is no need for separate models of calibration of sensory and cognitive judgments. Below we respond to each of the three issues raised by Ferrell.     

Of Whistleblowers,Investigators, and Judges

Needleman's (1993) reply to our article in this journal (Emhart, Scarr, & Geneson, 1993) is a good example of the tactics he uses to deflect attention from questions of his scientific misconduct. Rather than address the many doubts about his scientific conduct, he attempted to focus readers' attention on (a) the motives and character of colleagues who question his research, (b) legitimate debates in the research literature on low-level lead effects on children, and (c) testimonials by colleagues who cannot know about misconduct in his research. He did not address our major thesis-that procedures by which investigations of scientific misconduct are carried out require revision. Our experiences as whistleblowers were used to illustrate the need for change. Needleman's reply illustrates how he has dealt with the series of investigations of his scientific misconduct-with sarcasm and innuendoes about the honesty and character of investigators, portrayed as conspirators with the lead industry (and newspaper columnists?) to bring him down. For more details of his obfuscation, see Scarr (1993), Emhart (1993), and Ernhart and Scarr (in press).     

Psychometric Meta‐Analysis of the English Version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory

This meta‐analysis reviewed 192 scholarly works from 1993 to 2013 using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (Beck & Steer, 1993 ). Aggregated internal consistency (coefficient alpha) was .91 (k = 117), and test–retest reliability was .65 (k = 18). Convergent comparisons were robust across 33 different anxiety instruments and the Beck Depression Inventory–II (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996 ). Structural validity primarily supported the original 2‐factor solution proposed by Beck and Steer ( 1993 ), and diagnostic accuracy varied according to the sample size and criterion cutoff score.     

Book reviews

Historical Atlas of East Central Europe by Paul Robert Magocsi. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1993, xiii + 218 pp.

Aleksandr Men’, pastore e martire by Yves Hamant. Edizioni Russia Cristiana ‘La casa di Matriona’, 1993, 176 pp. 19,000 lire. (Translation by Mara dell'Asta of Alexandre Men, un témoin pour la Russie de ce temps. Editions Mame, 1993.)

Prizyv by the Society of Ecumenical Christians. Moscow: Izd. Obshchestva Khristian‐ekumenov, 1992. Paperback, 320 pp.? This review was originally published in Khristiansky vestnik, nos 43–44 (57–58), November 1993, pp. 20–1.      

Drug Ingestions in Children 10–14 Years Old: An Old Problem Revisited

To determine changes in rates of drug ingestions in 10–14 year old children in our country, a retrospective chart review of 10–14 year olds hospitalized for drug ingestion between 1993–1995 and 2000–2004 was performed. Odds ratios and Chi‐square were used for analyses. From 1993–1995 there were 92.8 ingestions/100,000 children/year; from 2000–2004 there were 63.3 ingestions/100,000 children/year. More males ingested in 2000–2004 than 1993–1995 (26.3% vs. 14.2% O.R. 2.15 [1.19, 3.92]). More patients took psychiatric medications in 2000–2004 than 1993–1995 (38.9% vs. 27.0%, O.R. 1.72 [1.06, 2.80]). More patients ingested SSRIs in 2000–2004 than 1993–1995; fewer ingested tricyclics. Hospitalization rates for drug ingestions have decreased. There has been a change in drug ingested, and more males are ingesting drugs.     

Against a role for attentional disengagement in the gap effect: A friendly amendment to Tam and Stelmach (1993)

Saccadic reaction time (RT) is reduced when the fixation point is removed shortly before target onset. Although Tam and Stelmach (1993) argued that thisgap effect could not be explained solely by the idea that fixation offset disengaged visual attention and preferred an explanation based on disengagement of the oculomotor system, they felt that they could not rule out a hybrid model in which both oculomotorand attentional disengagement contribute to the gap effect. Our analysis of the dual response experiment (Experiment 4), upon which this hybrid model was based, shows that manual and saccadic responses were likely compromised by a grouping or delay strategy and that subjects may not have been attending as instructed. On these grounds, we argue that Tam and Stelmach (1993), like Kingstone and Klein (1990; 1993a) provide no evidence that attentional disengagement contributes to the gap effect. An alternative proposal (Klein & Kingstone, 1993), that motor preparation and oculomotor disengagement combine additively to produce the gap effect, is consistent with the data from Tam and Stelmach’s Experiments 1–3, is similar to the explanation that they prefer, and has been strongly supported when directly tested (Kingstone, Klein, & Taylor, 1994).     

Book reviews and books received

Ethics for counsellors Bond, T., 1993 Standards and Ethics for Counselling in Action London, Sage ISBN 0-8039-8646-7 £10.95

Voluntary sector counselling Tyndall, N., 1993 Counselling in the Voluntary Sector Buckingham, Open University Press ISBN 0-335-19027-8 £10.99

Adolescent sexuality Moore, S. & Rosenthal, D., 1993 Sexuality in Adolescence London, Routledge ISBN 0-415-07528-9 £12.99

Tutoring in higher education Wheeler, S. & Birtle J., 1993 A Handbook for Personal Tutors Buckingham, Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press ISBN 0-335-09954-8 £13.99

Art therapy Silverstone, L., 1993 An Therapy the Person-Centred Way: An and the Development of the Person London, Autonomy Books £12.95

Research in relationships Perlman, D. & Jones, W. H. (Eds), 1993 Advances in Personal Relationships—Volume 4 London, Jessica Kingsley ISBN 1-85302-102-4 £35

Gestalt in groups Houston, G., 1993 Being and Belonging: Group, Intergroup and Gestalt Chichester, Wiley ISBN 0-471-935-484 (hardback); 0-471-940-011 (paperback) £24.95 (hardback); £16.95 (paperback)     

When it is better to give than to receive: long-term health effects of perceived reciprocity in support exchange

The authors examined esteem enhancement theory and equity theory in explaining the long-term health status of men (n = 178) and women (n = 575). Baseline characteristics were measured in 1990-1993, intimate reciprocity in 1993, and recorded sickness absences for a 9-year period during 1993-2001. Among women, giving more support than receiving in intimate relationships positively affected subsequent health status, as indicated by fewer sickness absences. Among men, receiving more support than giving predicted fewer absences. These effects remained even after significant covariates were included in the model. Thus, women seem to benefit from giving support in intimate relationships, and men seem to benefit from receiving support in intimate relationships. The findings on women are in line with the esteem enhancement theory. No support was obtained for the equity theory.     

Letter to the editor

Sandor Ferenczi: Reconsidering Active Interventions by Martin Stanton (Northvale, NJ: Aronson, 1991, xv + 226 pp.)

The Legacy of Sandor Ferenczi, edited by Lewis Aron and Adrienne Harris (Hillsdale, NJ: The Analytic Press, 1993, xxiii + 294 pp.)

The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sandor Ferenczi, Vol. 1, 1908–1914, edited by Eva Brabant, Ernst Falzeder, and Patrizia Giampieri‐Deutch under the supervision of André Haynal; translated by Peter T. Hoffer (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1993, xxxv + 584 pp.)     

Setting the record straight

Translate This Darkness: The Life of Christiana Morgan. By Claire Douglas. New York: Simon &; Schuster, 1993.

A Most Dangerous Method: The Story of Freud, Jung, and Sabina Spielrein. By John Kerr. New York: Knopf, 1993.

Gods in Our Midst Mythological Images of the Masculine: A Woman's View. By Christine Dawning. New York: Crossroad, 1993.

The Fisher King and the Handless Maiden. By Robert A. Johnson. San Francisco: Harper, 1993.

Listening To Prozac. By Peter D. Kramer. New York: Viking, 1993. Gathering the Light: A Psychology of Meditation. By V. Walter Odajnyk. Boston and London: Shambhala, 1993.

Gathering to Light A Psychology of Meditation

The Pornographer's Grief and Other Tales of Human Sexuality. By Josqjh Glenmullen. New York: HarperCollins, 1993. Love and the Soul: Psychological Interpretations of the Eros and Psyche Myth. By James Gollnick. Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992.

Healing and Transformation in Sandplay. By Ruth Amman. Peru, IL: Open Court, 1991.

Hildegard of Bingen and Her Vision of the Feminine. By Nancy Fierro. Los Angeles: Carondelet Productions, 1994     

Acceptability of aggression in four Spanish regions and a comparison with other European Countries

The degree of acceptance of various forms of aggression in different situations was investigated by applying questionnaires to students from four Spanish regions: Castile, Catalonia, Andalusia, and the Basque Country. These data are also compared with similar studies in Finland and Poland. Although some minor differences were found between the different groups as well as some gender preferences, very similar acceptances were observed in all the populations studied, suggesting a certain universality of norms and beliefs about aggression in society. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ©1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

The MAVRIC-C and MAVRIC-P: a preliminary reliability and validity study

We administered the Measure of Aggression, Violence, and Rage in Children (MAVRIC; Bass, Geenens, & Popper, 1993a, 1993b), a questionnaire assessing the severity of reactive, impulsive aggression, to 28 prepubertal psychiatrically hospitalized children and 54 prepubertal lowrisk nonpatients and their mothers. Cross-informant reliability was supported between the MAVRIC-Child Version (MAVRIC-C; Bass et al., 1993a) and MAVRIC-Parent Version (MAVRIC-P; Bass et al., 1993b), r = .62, p < .001. Convergent validity was supported with the Aggressive Behavior factor of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach, 1991a) for the MAVRIC-C, r = .62, p < .001, and MAVRIC-P, r = .74, p < .001. Both versions were also associated with disruptive behavior disorders, inpatient status, and assaultive behavior. We discuss the differences in the perception of aggression as a function of informant.     

Book reviews and books received

The scandal and die pain Feldman, M. D. & Ford, C. V. with Reinhold, T. 1994 Patient or Pretender: Inside the Strange World of Factitious Disorders Chichester, Wiley ISBN 0-471-58080-5 €14.95

Schreier, H. A. & Libow, J. A. 1993 Hurting for Love: Munchausen by Proxy Syndrome London, Guilford ISBN 0-89862-121-6 €19.95

Personal constructs and eating disorders Button, E. 1993 Eating Disorders: Persona: Construct Therapy and Change Chichester, Wiley ISBN 0-471-94094-1 €17.95

Treating borderline personality disorders Linehan, M. M. 1993 Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder London, Guilford ISBN 0-89862-183-6 €32.95

Linehan, M. M. 1993 Skills Training Manual for Treating Borderline Personality Disorder London, Guilford ISBN 0-89862-034-1 €20.50

Running groups with children Dwivedi, K. N. (Ed.), 1993 Group Work with Children and Adolescents: a Handbook London, Jessica Kingsley ISBN 1-85302-157-1 €19.95

Workplace counselling schemes Cunningham, G. 1994 Effective Employee Assistance Programs: a Guide for EAP Counselors and Managers London, Sage ISBN 0-8039-5206-6 €17.50

Stress management Lehrer, P. M. & Woolfolk, R. L. (Eds), 1993 Principles and Practice of Stress Management, 2nd edn London, Guilford ISBN 0-89862-766-4 €49.95

A manual for supervision Inskipp, F. & Proctor, B. 1993 The Art, Craft and Tasks of Counselling Supervision, Part 1: Making the Most of Supervision: Professional Development for Counsellors, Psychotherapists, Supervisors and Trainees, workbook and two audiotapes Twickenham, Middlesex, Cascade ISBN 0-9522758-2-1 €25.00     

Marketing Parochial Schools: Does Marketing Theory Contribute to Effective Practice?

Two earlier contributions have examined key issues addressing the marketing of parochial schools. Wrenn and Kotler (1993) propose that the marketing of church-related schools represents a case of social exchange activity. By contrast, Penner (1993) identifies two fundamental limitations to the application of marketing principles to parochial education, namely, role and function conflict. The present article seeks to consider the conceptual contribution of those two articles and to examine additional elements that are critical to the discussion but were not adequately addressed in the two prior articles. The article concludes by suggesting future research of potential relevance in the marketing of parochial education.     

APPLICANT REACTIONS TO SELECTION: DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELECTION PROCEDURAL JUSTICE SCALE (SPJS)

This paper describes research that fills a void in the applicant reactions literature by developing a comprehensive measure of Gilliland's (1993) procedural justice rules, called the Selection Procedural Justice Scale (SPJS). Five separate phases of scale development were conducted. In Phase 1 we generated and refined the items. For Phase 2 we reduced the items through exploratory factor analysis using data gathered from 330 applicants for the job of court officer and found higher-order factors consistent with Greenberg (1993a, 1993b). In Phase 3 we confirmed the factor structure using a separate sample of 242 applicants and trainees for the court officer job. In Phase 4 we assessed the initial convergent and divergent validity of the scale. In Phase 5 we tested the generalizability of these items in general and for those receiving positive and negative selection outcomes using 2 student samples. The results demonstrated the usefulness of the SPJS in differentiating each of Gilliland's procedural justice rules and relating them to outcomes included in his model of applicant reactions. A copy of the SPJS is included in the Appendix.     

The Appropriateness of Using Three Measures of Self‐Beliefs With European American,Latino/a,and Native American College Freshmen

The authors investigated the psychometric appropriateness of the Valuing/Commitment to Education scale (A. M. Gloria, 1993), the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale (M. Rosenberg, 1965), and the Educational Self‐Efficacy Scale (A. M. Gloria, 1993) for use with European American, Latina/o, and Native American college freshmen. Strong to moderate reliabilities were found, as was initial evidence of validity across groups. Los autores investigaron la idoneidad psicométrica de la Valoración/Compromiso con la Escala de Educación (A. M. Gloria, 1993), la Escala Rosenberg de Autoestima (M. Rosenberg, 1965) y la Escala de Autoeficacia Educativa (A. M. Gloria, 1993) para su uso con alumnos universitarios Euroamericanos, Latinos y Americanos Nativos de primer curso. Se hallaron datos que prueban una fiabilidad entre moderada y alta, como lo fue tambien la validez observada inicialmente entre los grupos.     

Work motivation among high school students before and during the economic recession in the Swedish labour market

In 1990, 2349 high school pupils from 21 high schools in the Stockholm, Uppsala and Södertälje regions answered a questionnaire concerning how important different characteristics of work were in their future job. The questionnaire also included an open question, “How would you describe an ideal job?” In 1993 the same questionnaire was answered by 1171 high school students. The two measurement occasions were separated by economic changes leading, from a condition of economic security and full employment, to a condition characterised by economic insecurity and high unemployment especially among young people. Results showed that the economic insecurity of 1993 lowered the students' ratings of the importance of all characteristics of work with the exception of the security of work. A strong gender factor influenced the ratings. Thus, the female students rated the importance of the characteristics of work higher than the male students did. The only exception concerned “good pay”, which was rated higher by the male. In 1993 these effects were less pronounced, although still evident. The motivational structure seemed to be unaffected by the economic insecurity. The same four motivational factors, i.e. (1) the expressive work goals, (2) the working conditions, (3) the benefits of work and (4) the social aspects of work, appeared in the analyses of both measurement occasions.