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1.
Some authors assert that there is a feminine advantage in leadership, even though female leaders are often targets of prejudice. Our experiment tested how people’s expectations affect this prejudice in different work environments. Participants evaluated a male or a female candidate for a leadership position in an industry that was congruent or incongruent with the candidate’s gender role. Participants showed prejudice against the female candidate, especially when she worked in an industry incongruent with her gender role. Female and older participants showed more prejudice against the female leader than did male and younger participants. These results invoke role congruity theory (Eagly & Karau, Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109, 573–598, 2002). 相似文献
2.
We used a national database (Educational Longitudinal Study) to investigate the effects of parent’s gender, child’s gender,
and parental involvement in school on the academic achievement of adolescents in single-parent families. A three way 2 × 2 × 2
(parent’s gender × child’s gender × parental involvement) MANCOVA was conducted with four student academic achievement indicators
as dependent variables and SES as a covariate. The results indicated that parent gender and child gender interact with parent
involvement to affect adolescents’ academic achievement differentially. Specifically, daughters who lived with highly involved
single-fathers performed better academically than the other groups did. These findings suggest that researchers who study
single-parents’ involvement in their adolescents’ academic achievement need to pay more attention to gender-specific effects. 相似文献
3.
4.
The present study explored sex and age differences in the level of object representations and human movement in the dreams
of adolescents. In order to test empirically the contention that early object relations are significantly linked to the formation
of children’s gender identity, 389 dreams recorded by 115 adolescents, ages 15–18, were scored for object representations
and levels of human movement. As predicted, there were significant differences in the quality of object representations in
male and female adolescent’s dream content. In addition, female’s dreams contained significantly higher amounts of human movement
than males’ dreams although these differences may well be attributable to longer dream narratives in the female sample. Further,
these sex differences were most pronounced at the highest end of the sample age range. Results are discussed in terms of object
relations adolescent development.
The authors wish to thank Patricia Heenan, M.A., for her invaluable assistance with data management, Alice Pope, Ph.D., for
her helpful suggestions, and Dave Cowen, Ph.D., for making his data available to us. Portions of this paper were presented
at the Association for the Study of Dreams, June 1996, Berkeley, CA. 相似文献
5.
Jeanette C. Gadt Ph.D. 《American journal of psychoanalysis》1994,54(2):173-187
Summary O’Keeffe put into visual language the psychic splitting that had occurred between the sexes in the United States, attempting
to integrate what had formerly been separated as feminine and masculine into the female psyche. In her most important contribution,
she explored presence rather than absence and opened up possibilities for thinking about openings. The concept of the female
opening in particular had heretofore been assigned a negative meaning, signifying more often than not a gaping wound rather
than a space and place of possibilities.
Klein’s complex and evocative understanding of some of the earliest mental processes of life enabled researchers to delve
into the meanings made of the presence of the mother and father and baby, in the context of the baby’s body-mind. Klein’s
female or male baby desires to know from the beginning. She discovered splitting and projective identification, the development
of anxiety and guilt under the aegis of these mental processes, the multiple meanings of aggression, and, significantly, she
permitted the female baby’s body to have its own language.
The answers provided by O’Keeffe and Klein bequeathed new possibilities for women’s self-invention and remain pivot points
for female identity throughout the century, to be confronted again by the second wave of feminism beginning in the late 1960s,
by ‘postfeminist’ debates, and by a challenged psychoanalysis. A more careful probing of these issues may help us to better
understand our past so as to have greater resources for a more comprehensive reading of our present. 相似文献
6.
An alternative perspective to the clinical model of codependency is that codependency is contextual and reflects inequality
within a relationship. This study examined whether the evaluation of codependent behavior depends on the context of the relationship,
i.e., the reciprocity of the person’s partner, and the gender of the stimulus person (SP). College students (N=302, 46% non-Caucasian) read one of six scenarios in which the codependent SP’s behavior was held constant but the reciprocity
of the partner and the gender of the SP were varied. The stimulus person and her/his relationship were rated significantly
more healthy in the reciprocal condition than in the nonreciprocal or control conditions, but a better partner in the nonreciprocal
condition. Codependent female SPs were judged less healthy but better partners than codependent male SPs. Judgments of codependent
behavior and persons are contextual in nature, may reflect inequality within relationships, and to some extent, depend upon
the gender of the codependent person. 相似文献
7.
Galia Patt-Shamir 《Dao》2010,9(2):175-191
This essay retells the stories of four exemplary women from Confucianism and Judaism, hoping that the tension these stories
exhibit can teach us something about women’s lives within the boundaries of tradition, then and now. It refers to two ideal
“family caretakers”: Meng Mu 孟母, who devoted her life to her son’s learning, and Rachel, who devoted her life to her husband, the famous Rabbi Akiva.
Then it tells the stories of two almost completely opposing exemplary figures: The sages Ban Zhao 班昭 and Bruriah, who dedicated their lives to learning and self-cultivation. It stresses that there is more than one
dichotomized resolution to inner conflicts within the traditional framework in both Confucianism and Judaism, and, moreover,
the plurality of resolutions is inherent in the traditions. Through reading a story and appreciating the complexities in others’
lives, while reflecting on our own, we can attain a level of abstraction that enables better sensitivity and more responsibility
for the life we live. 相似文献
8.
The present study was designed to examine whether parents’ views of their child’s academic competencies are structured by
gendered conceptions of abilities. In a longitudinal research design, a group of parents (N = 391) were asked to assess their third-grade child’s competence in mathematics and Finnish and to respond to a set of attitude
statements; when the child reached the fifth grade, the parents were asked to reassess his/her competencies. It was found
that the influence of the gender stereotype was partly domain-specific: The stereotype concerning Finnish organized the parental
competence assessments as early as the child’s third grade and also predicted the assessments made about the child over the
next two grades, whereas the stereotype concerning mathematics only predicted the assessments made as late as the fifth grade.
In the Finnish competence assessments, the gender stereotype moderated the overall gender-of-the-child effect, whereas in
the mathematics competence assessments, the gender-of-the-child effect was evinced only by the parent group that endorsed
the gender stereotype. Culture-bound gender expectations and attitudes toward the expectations are significant, then, for
parents’ assessments of their child’s competencies as early as the elementary school years. 相似文献
9.
Anthony F. Badalamenti 《Journal of religion and health》2006,45(3):419-439
Mary Shelley’s novel “Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus” is presented here as her encoded image of unconscious emotions too painful for her waking personality to deal with. Her innovative image of man-made life is taken as emerging from the confrontation of her hopes for secure love with painful events in her life with Percy Shelley. This paper proposes that her novel served as a waking expression of unconscious feelings of hurt in reaction to Percy. The monster’s role is here decoded as her way to consciously process the idea that parts of her relation to Percy were so hurtful as to deform it into a miscreant. It is further proposed that the losses and frustrations of her earliest years inclined her to accept Percy’s violations in the hope of the secure love she longed for. The answer offered to this paper’s title accounts for why “Frankenstein” is taken to refer to the unnamed monster and not its creator.Anthony F. Badalamenti is a research scientist in psychiatry. He has a private practice in psychoanalysis and works at quantifying psychiatric research with Columbia University Psychiatric Institute, The Nathan Kline Institute and The University of New England. He holds PhDs in mathematics from Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute and in systems from Bell Telephone Laboratories. He is a member of the Society for Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, from whom he received a distinguished research award, the American Mathematical Society, the Society for General Systems Research and the New York Academy of Sciences. He has published over 60 papers in psychiatric research. 相似文献
10.
Luce Irigaray 《Continental Philosophy Review》2004,37(4):389-405
In this essay, which is preceded by an interview with the translator, the author revisits her earlier critique of Merleau-Ponty’s
privileging of the visible, but also takes further her own thinking by drawing specifically on the issues raised within the
context of painting. The focal point of her discussion is Merleau-Ponty’s essay, “Eye and Mind.”
This paper was first published in Italian as “Dipingere l’invisible,” Segni e Comprensione 44 (December 2001): 10–16. This
English translation is from the French version. 相似文献
11.
Research on children of lesbian parents has suggested that such children are developing well, but questions have been raised
about their gender development. In this study, we explored associations among parental sexual orientation, parental gender-related
attitudes, parental division of labor, and children’s gender development. Participants were 66 preschool children and their
132 parents from the East Coast of the United States. Thirty-three families were headed by lesbian and 33 by heterosexual
couples. Parents who divided paid and unpaid labor more unequally had children whose occupational aspirations were also more
traditional. Measures of children’s gender development were generally unrelated to parental sexual orientation. Parents’ attitudes
and behaviors were more strongly associated with children’s gender development than was parental sexual orientation. 相似文献
12.
Creating cosmopolitans: the case for literature 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A cosmopolitan education must help us identify with those who are unlike us. In Martha Nussbaum’s words, students must learn “enough to recognize common aims, aspirations, and values, and enough about these common ends to see how variously they are instantiated in the many cultures and their histories.” It is commonly thought that reading serious literature will play a significant role in this process. However, this claim is challenged by theorists we call sentimentalists, who claim that the goals of cosmopolitan education are better served by less sophisticated, overtly sentimental texts which take a certain moral framework as given and encourage straightforward emotional responses within the guidelines of that framework. This paper critiques the sentimentalists’ position, arguing that their conception of a ‘sentimental education’ is inadequate to prepare students for the increasingly diverse, complex, cosmopolitan world their fate it is to inhabit. 相似文献
13.
Todd Jones 《Synthese》2012,184(3):407-430
We often face a bewildering array of different explanations for the same social facts (e.g. biological, psychological, economic,
and historical accounts). But we have few guidelines for whether and when we should think of different accounts as competing
or compatible. In this paper, I offer some guidelines for understanding when custom or norm accounts do and don’t compete
with other types of accounts. I describe two families of non-competing accounts: (1) explanations of different (but similarly
described) facts, and (2) accounts which seem to differ but are really different parts or versions of the same underlying explanation. I argue that, while many types of apparent competitors don’t really compete with customs, there are
some that do. I also describe some of the central problems, which suggest that custom accounts will compete poorly with their
rivals. 相似文献
14.
Jon Garthoff 《Philosophia》2010,38(4):691-713
There is disagreement among contemporary theorists regarding human well-being. On one hand there are “substantive good” views,
according to which the most important elements of a person’s well-being result from her nature as a human, rational, and/or
sentient being. On the other hand there are “agent-constituted” views, which contend that a person’s well-being is constituted
by her particular aims, desires, and/or preferences. Each approach captures important features of human well-being, but neither
can provide a complete account: agent-constituted theories have difficulty accounting for the normativity of their claims,
and substantive good theories have difficulty accounting for how a person’s actually adopted aims shape what is good for her
and hence what she has reason to do. I articulate and defend a hybrid view that equals these approaches in systematicity and
completeness of explanation yet seeks to surpass them in coherence with our ordinary judgments about what human well-being
consists in. This hybrid view maintains, with agent-constituted theories, that a person’s well-being is (1) significantly
constituted by her actually adopted aims; (2) deeply contingent; (3) agent-relative; (4) significantly dependent on spatially
and temporally remote events; and (5) significantly independent of her experiences. The hybrid view also maintains, with substantive
good theories, that a person’s well-being is (6) in part determined by facts independent of her aims, desires, and preferences;
(7) such that all her aims are subject to critical evaluation and revision; and (8) constituted by her aims only if these
aims are choiceworthy. 相似文献
15.
16.
Animal and human research has shown that pain sensitivity changes during the menstrual cycle. This has sometimes been ascribed
to hormonal variations. The aim of the present study was to examine how perception of pain, induced by the cold pressor test
to the dominant hand, was related to gender and phases of the menstrual cycle. A repeated-meausres design was used, where
twenty-two female students participated at two different phases of the menstrual cycle (days 2–4 and days 20–24). A control
group of nineteen male students participated on two occasions, separated by a three week period. The cycle phase during which
each woman began her participation was randomized. Pain was induced using the cold pressor test. Pain threshold was determined
as the duration of time between when the subject first reported pain and exposure to the painful stimulus. Pain tolerance
was determined as the duration of time until the subject withdraw her/his hand from the test water because the pain was too
intensive. The results showed that men tolerated significantly greater pain than women. Women’s pain threshold was significantly
higher during the second phase of the menstrual cycle. Systolic pressure was higher in men than women, increasing more in
men in response to cold pressor testing than women. Further research, including measurments of plasma hormone levels during
the menstrual cycle, is needed to clarify the role played by estrogens in pain perception. 相似文献
17.
Anastasia Ashman 《Contemporary Islam》2007,1(2):197-198
Zaatar Days, Henna Nights Adventures, Dreams, and Destinations Across the Middle East, by Maliha Masood, (Seal Press 2007)
Travel can be transformative. Change was certainly on Maliha Masood’s mind when she set out on a 10-month journey through
the crescent of Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey. Perhaps the souqs, mosques and nightclubs would hold a key to her conflicted
existence as a Muslim American Gen-Xer. At the start of her reflective tale Maliha is two distinct and dissatisfied people:
a Pakistani-born 28 year old coming unmoored from her Eastern roots and faith, and a depressed dot-commer bored of living
in her parents’ suburban Seattle basement. By the end she’s bruised from love and battered by cultural missteps but also a
blossoming writer, a proponent of the Middle East, and a woman newly confident in both Islamic faith and feminist philosophies.
The most intriguing thread of Zaatar Days is the essential conflict of Masood’s identity. It causes trouble everywhere she
goes – for her, and for people unable to categorize Maliha or grasp her idiosyncrasies as a Westernized Easterner. 相似文献
18.
Identity control theory (Kerpelman, Pittman, & Lamke, Journal of Adolescent Research, 12: 325–346, 1997) and the literature on possible selves (Markus & Nurius, American Psychologist, 41: 954–969, 1986) and family influences on adolescents’ vocational choices (e.g., Otto, Journal of Career Development, 27: 111–117, 2000; Whiston & Keller, The Counseling Psychologist, 32: 493–568, 2004) were used to guide this study of young women’s career aspirations. How mother–daughter and father–daughter
relationships were associated with young women’s certainty about their anticipated future careers was addressed with data
from 304 female undergraduates. Findings indicated that parent–daughter connectedness predicted the young women’s anticipated
distress, as well as their willingness to change to fit parental views should their parents disagree with their career aspirations.
In addition, anticipated distress mediated associations between willingness to change and connectedness with parents, and
between willingness to change and father–daughter career discussions. Discussing career goals with mother increased mother’s
influence, but decreased father’s influence, on daughter’s career certainty under conditions of father–daughter disagreement
about career choice. The ability to separate her own feelings from those of her father was particularly important in reducing
the daughter’s willingness to change her career goals to fit maternal or paternal expectations. Collectively, these findings
offer additional insights about the role of parent–adolescent relationships in understanding young women’s career aspirations
and note the importance of considering the distinct influences of mothers and fathers on their daughters’ career goals and
plans. 相似文献
19.
Three studies examined the impact of stereotype messages on men’s and women’s performance of a mental rotation task involving
imagined self-rotations. Experiment 1 established baseline differences between men and women; women made 12% more errors than
did men. Experiment 2 found that exposure to a positive stereotype message enhanced women’s performance in comparison with
that of another group of women who received neutral information. In Experiment 3, men who were exposed to the same stereotype
message emphasizing a female advantage made more errors than did male controls, and the magnitude of error was similar to
that for women from Experiment 1. The results suggest that the gender gap in mental rotation performance is partially caused
by experiential factors, particularly those induced by sociocultural stereotypes. 相似文献
20.
Peter B. M. Vranas 《Philosophical Studies》2010,150(1):115-121
Kadri Vihvelin, in “What time travelers cannot do” (Philos Stud 81:315–330, 1996), argued that “no time traveler can kill the baby who in fact is her younger self”, because (V1) “if someone would fail to
do something, no matter how hard or how many times she tried, then she cannot do it”, and (V2) if a time traveler tried to
kill her baby self, she would always fail. Theodore Sider (Philos Stud 110:115–138, 2002) criticized Vihvelin’s argument, and Ira Kiourti (Philos Stud 139:343–352, 2008) criticized both Vihvelin’s argument and Sider’s critique. I present a critique of Vihvelin’s argument different from both
Sider’s and Kiourti’s critiques: I argue in a novel way that both V1 and V2 are false. Since Vihvelin’s argument might be
understood as providing a challenge to the possibility of time travel, if my critique succeeds then time travel survives such
a challenge unscathed. 相似文献