马克思主义正义论原则之建构——关于“平等的自由”原则

对照罗尔斯的"平等的自由"原则,重新解读马克思的解放理论,我们可以建构出当代马克思主义的"平等的自由"原则。实际上,马克思的解放理论在很多维度已经关注并涵括着罗尔斯所阐释的"平等的自由"原则,并显现出与罗尔斯之前提及视野的差异。这些维度包括:自由的概念与"平等的自由"体系;"平等的自由"体系中的良心的平等自由、平等的政治自由与平等的人权;马克思政治哲学的道德判断和历史判断;政治哲学观及其功能;等等。由此,马克思主义的"平等的自由"原则可以表述为:每个公民对于最广泛的、总体的、平等的、基本的自由体系都拥有同等的权利;这个自由体系与所有公民的类似的自由体系相容。当然,马克思的作为"类存在物"的人的自由是对这种自由的扬弃。     

马克思主义与自由主义的论争——雅克·比岱教授学术报告会纪要

法国巴黎第十大学、国际马克思大会组织者雅克·比岱教授应邀于11月1-5日访问了中山大学马克思主义哲学与中国现代化研究所,并做了《马克思主义与自由主义的论战》、《资本主义和社会主义的自由问题》的学术报告,徐俊忠教授和叶汝贤教授分别主持了会议。 在报告中,比岱从分析自己的一般理论(generaltheory)入手,介绍了目前西方马克思主义者正在讨论的问题。他认为,从马克思对自由主义的批判这个意义上     

论马克思自由观的三个维度

马克思主义哲学作为改变世界的学说,其追求的最终价值目标是人的解放和人的自由而全面的发展。受西方近代政治哲学的影响,马克思首先以自然与自由的关系的讨论作为切入点,继而展开了对生存于现实社会即市民社会中人的自由问题的批判性分析,并最终形成了其立足于人类社会位阶上的关于入的自由而全面的发展何以可能的自由观,实现了对西方自由主义的超越和自由问题的思维方式变革。     

论G.A.科恩的社会主义平等思想

G.A.科恩是分析马克思主义的重要人物,也是将分析哲学的研究方法引入历史唯物主义解释的第一人。在对马克思的公平正义思想进行分析的过程中,他一方面反驳了自由至上主义者诺齐克的自我所有权原则,另一方面又批判了罗尔斯正义思想的差别原则,从而捍卫了社会主义的平等,突出了平等的规范性意义,将平等作为马克思公平正义思想的理论内核突显出来。研究G.A.科恩的社会主义平等思想,不仅能够把握住当代西方政治哲学争论的焦点,明确分析马克思主义的理论态度,而且能够为阐释马克思的平等观,揭示马克思公平正义的思想本质提供理论资源。     

存在论哲学的两个向度:马克思与海德格尔自由观比较研究

<正>马克思与海德格尔比较研究,是国内马克思主义研究的热点。比较研究的前提是比较双方既有共性又有差异: 没有共性,比较就缺乏合法性; 没有差异,比较就没有意义。比较不仅仅是为了寻找共性,更是为了寻找差异,以便在差异中加深理解,拓宽思路。①本文认为,马克思与海德格尔之间确实存在着共性,但是对于我们来说更重要的,则是从 "自由"这一共同关注的核心出发,仔细辨析马克思与海德格尔在思维原点、价值取向、理论后果等方面存在的差异。马克思和海德格尔都自觉地拒斥近代主体哲学或意识哲学,并试图将人及其自由置于世俗的、与人互动着的现实关系中来加以考     

马克思对自由主义价值观的批判及当代意义

马克思对自由主义价值观进行了多维批判并表现为由具体到抽象再到具体的逻辑深化的过程。《论犹太人问题》讨论了人的权利、公民权利以及政治解放的局限性,对自由、平等、私有财产进行了分析。马克思在《德意志意识形态》中对自由主义价值观进行了意识形态批判,并基于实践观点重构了个人与社会关系的解释模式,批判功利主义,消解了自由主义价值观的哲学基础。在《资本论》及其手稿中,马克思立足于资本主义经济关系和生产方式,分析了自由、平等、所有权等价值理念与资本主义生产、交换、流通等之间的内在关系,对自由主义价值理念进行了政治经济学批判基础上的内在综合批判。马克思的批判揭示了自由主义价值观的实质以及它的内在缺陷,为我们科学认识当代自由主义,把握现代性的内在矛盾以及可能的发展前景提供了理论基础。     

历史规律与人的活动——必然与自由

1.马克思的历史决定论受到的攻击与误解必然与自由问题是马克思的自由观的重要方面。众所周知,马克思对这个问题的解决是通过阐述历史决定论——历史规律与人的活动的辩证关系实现的;正是在这个问题上马克思受到西方资产阶级学者的许多攻击。这些攻击者深知,只要抽掉马克思理论的决定论基石,马克思主义的整个体系就动摇了。因此,在阐述马克思的必然与自由观之前,不能不看一看他们是如何曲解马克思的思想的。     

两种自由的定义——社会主义核心价值观的自由和自由主义的自由的根本区别

社会主义核心价值观的自由是马克思主义的自由,它根本区别于资本主义核心价值观即自由主义的自由。自由主义抽空自由的现实物质根基,鼓吹静止的、形式优先的个人自由和政治自由,而马克思主义强调实质的而非形式的自由,认为个人自由和政治自由不能在逻辑童话中长成而只能是历史呈现的;实现自由的现实手段只能是以发展为关键词、以生产实践为主的历史活动,而不能依赖"自由意识的进展"或纯粹精神的自我运动。真正的自由要求克服他物、他人和自我心智缺失的三重强制,其中决定性的因素是马克思历史哲学反复申明的社会生产力水平的不断进步。     

从政治自由到哲学自由——冯契自由理论的历史发展

早在20世纪40年代，冯契就从政治学的角度，将自由主义视为中间阶层的意识形态，并强调自由主义与个人主义、集体主义的对立。1949以后，冯契曾接受马克思主义的自由学说，认为人的自由在于对必然的认识。80年代末期以后，冯契将自由理论与智慧说相融合，建立起了富有哲学个性的自由理论体系。     

马克思主义与自由、平等和正义的话题——历史变迁后前东德学者的反思

上个世纪 90年代 ,随着传统社会主义国家大规模改革浪潮的出现和前苏东的剧变 ,自由、平等与正义同样成为马克思主义关注的热门话题。在变迁后的原社会主义国家 ,亲历了历史剧变的前东德学者面对着两种不同的社会形态 ,深切地感受到马克思主义与自由主义两种意识形态的激烈冲突 ,并开始从理论上对自由、平等与正义问题进行思考。这一思考反映了时代问题。从历史背景来看 ,马克思没有专门对这些观念从理论上进行过系统的分析和论证 ,但是马克思和恩格斯对资本主义社会的批判、对社会主义的论述实际上蕴涵着自由、平等和正义的价值观。传统社…     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

Human Dignity and the Ethics and Aesthetics of Pain and Suffering

Inasmuch as unmitigated pain and suffering areoften thought to rob human beings of theirdignity, physicians and other care providersincur a special duty to relieve pain andsuffering when they encounter it. When pain andsuffering cannot be controlled it is sometimesthought that human dignity is compromised.Death, it is sometimes argued, would bepreferred to a life without dignity.Reasoning such as this trades on certainpreconceptions of the nature of pain andsuffering, and of their relationships todignity. The purpose of this paper is to laybare these preconceptions. The duties torelieve pain and suffering are clearly mattersof moral obligation, as is the duty to respondappropriately to the dignity of other persons.However, it is argued that our understanding ofthe phenomena of pain and suffering and theirrelationships to human dignity will be expandedwhen we explore the aesthetic dimensions ofthese various concepts. On the view presentedhere the life worth living is both morally goodand aesthetically beautiful. Appropriate``suffering with' another can help to maintainand restore the dignity of the relationshipsinvolved, even as it preserves and enhances thedignity of patient and caregiver alike.     

Lmx and Job Tension: Linear and Non-Linear Effects and Affectivity

We examined whether linear or non-linear LMX–job tension relationships existed, and if these effects were consistent across levels of negative (NA) and positive (PA) affect. Results indicated that NA and PA moderated the non-linear LMX–job tension relationship. Specifically, the LMX–job tension association was best depicted by an inverted-U form for high NAs. Tension was highest when LMX was moderate and lowest when LMX was either low or high. Tension increased minimally for low NAs across levels of LMX. For high PAs, the relationship was linear and inverse. Conversely, a U-shaped form best represented the LMX–job tension relationship for low PAs. Implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.     

Religiosity and Secular and Ascetic Deviance

According to the antiascetic hypothesis, religiosity should be strongly related to behaviors that violate ascetic standards (getting drunk and using marijuana), but only weakly related to behaviors that violate social standards (violence and stealing). Using the second wave of the National Study of Youth and Religion, I tested the antiascetic hypothesis using a question about the most important basis for deciding what is morally right or wrong. Contrary to the antiascetic hypothesis, individuals who believe that God's law is the most important for deciding what is morally right or wrong, compared to those who believe that society is the most important, are not less likely to get drunk or use marijuana. Furthermore, for getting drunk and marijuana use, differences in behavior are not the result of different ethical standards (ascetic or social), but rather differences in the willingness to uphold those standards (is it OK to break moral rules).