知识在创造性思维中作用述评

图式知识、联结知识和基于案例的知识在创造性思维中发挥重要作用。图式中蕴含的规则或特征提供了形成新概念的基础,对生成观念的原创性具有影响;联结知识影响信息搜索的范围和质量,在创造性思维的观念生成和观念评价阶段发挥重要作用;案例中包含大量信息使个体可基于少量案例形成复杂的心理模型,利于创造性思维的问题建构、概念性组合、观念生成、观念评价等认知操作。创造性思维特定认知操作需调用某种或某几种知识,各种知识在创造性思维过程中交互影响,或彼此抑制、或彼此补偿、或彼此易化、或彼此增效。     

融汇中华优秀传统文化的基础美术教育创新实践——以软陶创意校本课程为例

基础美术教育新课标对中小学美术教育的课程构建与教学目标做了四个方面的学习规范,其中"设计应用"这一领域强调对学生创造性思维与设计实践能力的培养。为了对应新课标的教学改革,中小学美术教学必须展开更全面的美术知识教学,构建更为合理的教学方式启发学生的创造性思维与实践能力。     

创造性思维教学初探

创造性思维是把新的思索、新的发现引到良性循环的轨道上,以发挥积极的作用.设计是实用性、科学性、艺术性三者有机互补互动的创造性活动.基础教学内容的设定,要站在现代科学知识的基础上,把现代艺术的一些美学意念引进来,以培养创造性的艺术思维能力.基础教学内容要有实际意义,内容合理.     

中学生个人认识论对创造性思维的影响:自我提问的调节作用分析

为探讨中学生个人认识论、创造性思维与自我提问三者之间的关系,本研究采用《中学生反省判断调查问卷》、《中学生自我提问水平调查问卷》和《中学生创造性水平测验》对545名初一至初三年级被试进行调查,结果发现:(1)中学生创造性思维与其个人认识论存在显著的正相关关系;(2)中学生自我提问能力与创造性思维水平之间存在显著的正相关关系;(3)在知识来源对创造性思维独特性的预测中,自我提问水平较低的被试,其知识来源观对独特性具有显著的正向预测作用,而自我提问水平较高的被试则此预测作用不显著,因此中学生自我提问在个人认识论与创造性思维的关系中具有一定的调节作用,在三者关系当中它是调节变量。     

创造性思维的脑机制

创造性思维是创造性的核心。近年来,脑电和脑成像技术的发展为研究创造性思维的神经基础提供了有力的技术支持,对创造性思维的脑机制研究取得了较大进展。创造性思维的脑机制研究主要包括顿悟的脑机制、发散性思维的脑机制、远距离联想的脑机制、言语创造性和图画创造性的对比的脑机制研究。研究结果显示创造性思维需要多个脑区的参与,因不同的认知任务其关键脑区而有所不同。对创造性思维的脑机制研究进行了总结,对这些研究可能存在创造性思维究竟应该定义为“领域一般的”还是“领域特殊的”的解释进行了讨论,并指出了研究中可能存在的基线任务设置问题和未来研究中需要在研究手段、研究设计、研究领域等方面加以改进的建议     

在作文教学中培养学生的创造性思维

创造思维是人们进行创造性学习、工作的心理基础,更是创造发明家的心理基础。为了我国四化大业的实现,民族的振兴,培养学生的创造性思维应作为一项教育任务去完成,各科教学应根据各门学科的内容与特点来培养学生的创造性思维。近几年来,我在作文教学中对培养学生的创造性思维作了以下尝试: 一、在直接命题作文中培养学生的创造性思维     

求异思维的培养

创造性人才的培养的一个重要方面,是对学生创造性思维的培养.创造性思维乃是有创见的思维.它能产生新颖的、前所未有的思维成果.创造性思维既需要求同思维,也需要求异思维,而且更多地表现在求异性上,这是创造性思维一大特点.在学校里对学生思维的培养呈求同趋势,即让学生掌握一些规律性的知识,希望他们能在新遇到的情境中看出与所掌握的这些规律相同的东西,以便如法炮制地处理新情境.这样培养出来的学生象一个模子里刻出的“标准件”.显然这有背于时代发展的要求,所以我们更应重视对学生求异思维的培养.就是要从多维度去进行概括.对同一间题要从多种角度搜寻多种可能性,从多方面探求答案的思维过程.它不拘于常规,是将原来互不相干的知识和经验重新组织,将它们复活在新的形式中,产生新的设想和思维上的飞跃.它将僵死的记忆变为灵活的思考网络,不论遇到什么样的难题,都可随机应变,应付自如.在解决问题过程中,常常导致有所发现、有所创新、有所突破的结果,因此,被看作是创造性思维的核心.     

中医辨证思维的常法与变法

中医辨证思维涉及到"常法"与"变法"的概念,对反映在辨证分析方法中的常法与变法、中医辨证的思辨方法中的常法与变法、中医辨证原理应用的常法与变法加以研究,有利于思辨能力和医疗水平的提高.     

创造性思维的性别差异

创造性思维是推动科学技术进步和人类社会与文化发展的重要心理基础。人类两性分别在创造性思维的聚合思维和发散思维方面表现出显著的行为和神经活动差异。在发散思维方面, 女性优势相对明显; 但在聚合思维方面, 男性具有一定优势。两性在不同类型创造性思维方面的相对优势与大脑两半球的加工优势有密切联系, 且受到包括性别作用等因素的调节。研究对这些问题进行了系统探讨, 并就当前研究不足和未来趋势进行了展望。     

中医隐性知识的特征及其形成缘由研究

中医知识是一种具有突出"隐性知识"特性的知识体系,它有着与其他隐性知识不同的特征:个体内在性、不可充分表达性、文化依附性、情境依赖性。就形而上而言,中医学是以中国传统哲学中自发的辨证论思维和古代朴素的唯物论来构建其基本理论体系,是中国传统哲学的投影;就形而下而言,中医学依托于自身的"内证实验"及临床实践经验、临床感悟和直觉。所以说,无论其理论来源及理论基础,还是临床知识体系的构建,中医学以隐性知识的形式存在为主。     

从诺贝尔医学奖获取教益

通过对诺贝尔医学奖100余年获奖项目和获奖者的分析研究,发现创造性成果获奖多,基础研究成果获奖多,获奖者大多具有多学科的知识结构,获奖者大多出自一流的学术环境和获奖者都具有崇高的精神品质等特点.并且指出,我国要向诺贝尔医学奖迈进,就必须重视创造性、基础性成果的研究,必须重视和加强医学工作者和医学生创造性和综合素质的培养,必须营造有国际级科学大师引领的世界一流的学术环境.     

Causal Analysis to Enhance Creative Problem-Solving: Performance and Effects on Mental Models

In recent years, it has become apparent that knowledge is a critical component of creative thought. One form of knowledge that might be particularly important to creative thought relies on the mental models people employ to understand novel, ill-defined problems. In this study, undergraduates were given training in the use of causal relationships in applying mental models in creative problem-solving. A pre-post design was used to assess the effects of this training on mental models and creative problem-solving. It was found that causal analysis training resulted in the acquisition of better mental models (in terms of subjective and objective attributes) and better solutions (in terms of quality, originality, and elegance) to problems calling for creative thought among high-ability participants. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of mental models in creative problem-solving are discussed.     

知行观视野下的中医源流辨析

知行观是中国哲学重要研究范畴,从知识来源、求知方法与途径、真理标准等知识共性问题对中医知行先后、知行难易、知行轻重等中医源流进行探讨,从而寻求中医发展之道。在目前环境下,"知行并举,以行为重"的中医发展策略具有现实性意义。     

Knowledge Discovery as an Aid to Organizational Creativity

Computers can play an important role in the creative process. With the abundance of data and increasing speed of computers, creativity can now be stimulated and enhanced with knowledge mined from available data. The process is known as knowledge discovery or data mining. Knowledge discovery is the process of discovering interesting associations among data in the database. Users in the creativity process can feed on the discovered associations to generate creative solutions. The objective of this paper is to present knowledge discovery as an aid to creativity. The paper first presents the concept of knowledge discovery and then discusses the various techniques in knowledge discovery. Mednick's associative theory of creative thought serves as the theoretical foundation for this research.     

Neurology and Creative Thought: Some Thoughts About Working Memory,the Cerebellum,and Creativity

Abstract

Students of creativity have long been interested in the neurological mechanisms that underlie creative thought. Vandervert, Schimpf, and Liu (this issue) have proposed a new model of the neurological mechanisms that give rise to creative thought. In the present commentary, we examine this model for what it might tell us about creative problem solving. We conclude that the proposed model is in line with much of what is known about creative problem solving. However, certain key predictions of this model, for example the role of visual images and basic cognitive images, are questioned. The implications of these observations for future neurological research are discussed.     

Applying Multiple Knowledge Structures in Creative Thought: Effects on Idea Generation and Problem-Solving

Prior studies have indicated that multiple knowledge structures, schema, associations, and cases, are involved in creative thought. Few studies, however, have examined how these different knowledge structures operate together in idea generation and creative problem-solving. Accordingly, in the present study 247 undergraduates were asked to generate ideas relevant to a social innovation problem and then provide a potential solution to the problem. A training manipulation was used to encourage application of schematic, associational, or case-based knowledge either alone or in combination. It was found that prompting use of a single knowledge structure, specifically schema or associational knowledge, resulted in the production of more high quality ideas. However, prompting use of multiple knowledge structures, specifically combining either schema or associations with cases, resulted in the production of higher quality and more original problem-solutions. The implications of these findings for understanding the role of different knowledge structures in creative thought are discussed.     

中医学能得到学理上的合法性辩护吗？——重估中国传统医学的科学价值

医学并不简单地就是自然科学。医学的方法是综合的,利用其他任何科学的成就。中医是经验医学,而且主要是临床医学。在广义的科学概念下,可以说中医是科学。中医基本理论没有根本改变其自然哲学形态,评价中医药学应主要着眼于其实践活动,也不可忽视中医药学理论与实践的复杂关系。关注中医药学可以启发我们,知识的发展可能以多元、曲折的方式进行,重估中医药学价值既可以对医疗实践也可以对科学发展做出某种贡献。     

青少年创造性发展及其脑机制研究进展

青少年时期是创造性发展的关键阶段,探明青少年创造性发展规律及其神经机制对于培养和激发个体的创新潜能具有重要意义。本文综述了青少年创造性发展及其脑机制的研究进展,分别对青少年创造性思维发展趋势、影响因素及其相应的脑机制展开综述,并在此基础上进行了展望。总体而言,青少年时期创造性思维发展呈现出两个波峰(11~13岁,15~16岁)的发展趋势;青少年创造性发展受外部原生家庭教养方式和学校教师激励以及内部情绪动机和自我管理能力的影响较大;前额叶对青少年创造性发展具有重要作用,这可能与该脑区涉及执行控制功能有关。针对青少年创造性发展的教育干预以及大脑可塑性可能成为该领域的研究热点;而大样本纵向跟踪多模态脑影像数据库的建立可为相关研究提供重要支持。     

浅谈中医阴阳理论认识局限与创新

提出了中医传统阴阳理论认识的局限性,并客观分析了局限性产生的原因,结合现代哲学和相关科学知识大胆地提出了现代中医阴阳理论的新认识——地球生态系统阴阳观,并就其内涵及应用意义进行简要阐述,进一步丰富了中医基础理论,为中医药研究、教学、临床等提供新的理论参考,以期促进中医事业发展,为中医、中西医结合发展提供有益探索。     

Where creativity resides: the generative power of unconscious thought

In three experiments, the relation between different modes of thought and the generation of "creative" and original ideas was investigated. Participants were asked to generate items according to a specific instruction (e.g., generate place names starting with an "A"). They either did so immediately after receiving the instruction, or after a few minutes of conscious thought, or after a few minutes of distraction during which "unconscious thought" was hypothesized to take place. Throughout the experiments, the items participants listed under "unconscious thought" conditions were more original. It was concluded that whereas conscious thought may be focused and convergent, unconscious thought may be more associative and divergent.