Maternal sensitivity assessed during the strange situation procedure predicts child's attachment quality and reunion behaviors

The 72-item version maternal behavior Q-set (MBQS; Pederson & Moran, 1995) was used to assess maternal behaviors (N = 74) during the Strange Situation Procedure. Results indicated that the MBQS scores significantly differentiated infant attachment categories and were significantly associated with a series of infants’ reunion behaviors.     

Consistency and inconsistency in infant emotional and social interactive behavior across contexts and caregivers

This study examined consistency in infant emotional and social interactive behavior in stressful and nonstressful situations with mothers and fathers. Infants were seen at 12 and 13 months, once with each parent. Emotion was assessed during free play and the Strange Situation. Strange Situation social interactive behaviors were also examined. Results demonstrated that (a) proximity seeking and contact maintaining are consistent cross-parent, (b) emotion is more consistent from free play to the Strange Situation with the father than with the mother, and (c) emotion is primarily consistent cross-parent within the Strange Situation, not in free play. These results suggest both infant- and relationship-based determinants of behavior within the Strange Situation. The greater cross-context consistency in infant emotion with the father is interpreted as supportive of the view that infant—father interactions reflect primarily affiliative, rather than attachment, relationships.     

家庭社会经济地位对流动和城市学步儿社会适应的影响:母亲敏感性和依恋安全感的链式中介作用

该研究采用行为观察及编码的方式对81个家庭（39个流动家庭,42个城市家庭）的母亲敏感性和学步儿依恋安全性进行了评估,同时由母亲报告家庭社会经济地位相关的人口统计学信息和学步儿的社会适应程度,旨在探讨家庭社会经济地位与学步儿社会适应的关系,以及母亲敏感性和依恋关系在其中的作用。结果发现：（1）流动学步儿和城市学步儿在家庭养育环境和社会适应结果方面都存在明显差异,流动家庭比城市家庭的社会经济地位低,流动家庭母亲比城市家庭的母亲较不敏感,流动学步儿比城市学步儿的依恋关系更不安全,同时流动学步儿也表现出较差的社会适应能力和更多的外显行为问题以及失调问题;（2）家庭社会经济地位通过母亲敏感性和依恋关系影响学步儿社会适应的链式中间模型在城市学步儿中部分成立,在流动学步儿中不成立;即排除性别的作用后,来自高社会经济地位家庭中的城市母亲表现出的敏感性较高,与学步儿间的依恋关系越安全,这些城市学步儿的社会适应问题也较少;（3）在流动家庭中,无论家庭社会经济地位如何,敏感性较高的母亲与学步儿间的依恋关系越安全,这些流动学步儿的适应能力也越强。     

Transmission of attachment across three generations

A low-risk Finnish sample (N _total = 135) of parents expecting their first child and maternal grandmothers was followed from pregnancy until the child was 3 years old. The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) was used to assess attachment in mothers during the last trimester of pregnancy, and maternal grandmothers. The Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) was used to assess attachment in infants at 12 months, and the Preschool Assessment of Attachment (PAA) at 3 years. Mothers' AAI classifications (3-category) during pregnancy predicted infants' SSP classifications (3-category) in 76% of cases, and the 3-year-old children's PAA classifications (3-category) in 58% of cases. Grandmothers' AAI classifications predicted infants' SSP classifications in 48% of cases, but the 3-year-old children's PAA classifications in 72% of cases. Using log-linear analysis, it was shown that a simple model accounted for transmission of attachment across three generations when the children were 3 years. Even though the results indicated continuity across generations, the correspondences were slightly weaker than those obtained by Benoit and Parker in their 3-generational study. The results are discussed in terms of the prototype view, the rapid contextual changes seen across 3 generations in Finland, the size of the sample, and the comparability of the DMM to other assessment methods of attachment.     

9-24月龄婴儿母亲敏感性的预防性干预实验

本研究根据依恋理论和相关的干预研究成果编制了母亲敏感性干预手册,并对9-24月龄要儿的母亲实施了预防性干预.有16对母婴对分别进行了家庭录像观察.其中10位母亲作为培训组参加为期两个月的干预,干预目标集中于提高母亲敏感性,并提高母亲与婴儿的互动行为水平.另外6位母亲为对照组.三个月后,干预完成并再次对培训组和对照组进行家庭观察.用AinSwonh母亲敏感性量表和母亲行为Q分类方法分别对两次家庭观察录像进行编码分析.结果表明:培训组在信号敏感、可得、阻碍和接纳四个方面都有改善;该干预模式有效提高了母亲的敏感性.同时,该干预对母婴互动行为水平也略有提高.在文章中讨论了存在的问题和今后的研究方向.     

依恋关系的形成：保护情境中母亲和婴儿的作用

母婴依恋是婴儿期形成的首要关系之一, 同时也是影响儿童早期社会化的关系性背景。以亲子互动中形成依恋安全感差异的相关研究为基础, 从特质观、领域特殊观和社会认知观的角度对它们进行梳理, 有助于提炼出母亲的敏感性、特定的互动情境以及儿童的社会预期分别在预测母婴依恋关系中的作用。3种研究取向的整合有赖于细致地区分特质观和社会认知观在看待亲子互动中双方情绪状态、认知能力和回应过程上的差别; 制定新的依恋干预方案应当以提高父母识别和应对婴儿消极情绪的能力, 以及为婴儿提供适当的依随性学习经验为目的。     

从母亲的敏感性到学步儿的依恋安全性：内部工作模式的桥梁作用

采用视觉习惯化实验程序、陌生情境技术及母亲行为Q分类方法对41名14个月的学步儿及其母亲进行了学步儿内部工作模式、学步儿在陌生情境中的依恋类型以及母亲在母婴互动中的敏感性的评估。结果发现：(1)不安全型的学步儿预期看护者对他们痛苦的信号是无回应的。(2)以自身为中心的母亲的学步儿预期看护者是无回应的。(3)潜类别分析的结果发现母亲敏感性影响学步儿依恋行为的2种关系模式：类别1, 以孩子为中心的母亲的学步儿更容易形成看护者是有回应的预期, 持这种预期的学步儿在陌生情境程序中表现出安全依恋行为; 类别2, 以自身为中心的母亲养育出的学步儿更容易对看护者形成无回应的预期, 并在陌生情境中表现出不安全依恋行为。研究表明：内部工作模式在母亲的敏感性和学步儿的依恋安全性之间起着重要的内部机制作用—— 母亲的敏感性行为的累积促进了学步儿内部工作模式关于母亲的预期, 这种预期又进一步引导着学步儿的依恋行为。     

Cross-cultural consistency of coding the strange situation

This study tested whether or not cross-cultural differences in attachment classification distributions result from systematic differences in coding practices. First, we investigated whether or not the interactive scales have been scored consistently in several different cross-cultural samples. Second, the Richters, Waters, and Vaughn (1988) functions were applied to address the question of whether or not attachment classifications were consistently based upon the same pattern of interactive behaviors. Third, cross-cultural coding differences were described from a multivariate perspective. Data sets from seven investigators in six countries were available for analysis. Analyses on this “multinational data set” revealed that except for distance interaction, the interactive scales in the two reunion episodes were scored in accordance with the original coding rules. Furthermore, a good to reasonable agreement appeared to exist between the original classifications and those computed by the functions, except for infants older than 20 months of age. The multivariate principal component analysis showed that classification groups across cultures were more alike than cultures across classification groups. Our data showed, therefore, that attachment classifications have been consistently coded across cultures.