温故而知新--兼论当前关于"科学主义"的争论

当前我国出现了一场关于“反科学主义”、“科学传播”的争论。在历史上也曾出现过此类争论。温故知新。回顾一下历史上的有关争论,也许不无裨益。 一、历史上关于科学的争论 20世纪上半世纪,中外历史上发生过两次世人瞩目的关于科学问题的争论。其中一次发生在20世纪20年代的中国。1915年9月,《新青年》杂志在上海创刊。初名《青年杂志》,第2卷起改名《新青年》。《新青年》向中国引进了“德先生”和“赛先生”,提出“民主”和“科学”的口号,成为中国新文化运动的倡导者和主要宣传阵地。就在“科学”刚开始日益深入人心的时候,在中国社会中出现了反弹。     

"理一分殊"与文化重建--刘述先教授访谈录

刘述先 (1 934- ) ,原籍江西吉安 ,出生于上海。曾任台湾东海大学副教授、美国南伊利诺大学哲学系教授、香港中文大学哲学系讲座教授 ,现任台北“中央研究院中国文哲研究所”特聘讲座。作为“第三代现代新儒家”主要代表人物之一 ,刘先生从 2 0世纪 70年代即开始活跃于国际学术舞台 ,80年代以来 ,逐渐为大陆学人所熟知。他的主要著作有《朱子哲学思想的发展与完成》、《文化与哲学的探索》、《中西哲学论文集》、《理想与现实的纠结》、《全球伦理与宗教对话》等。本人在台湾“中华发展基金会”的资助之下 ,曾于 2 0 0 0年 1 0月至 1 2月赴…     

"东西方差异"抑或"元概念"争执——关系概念再思考

“关系”作为社会网络研究乃至整个新经济社会学研究的核心概念,自从它成为一个学术研究对象以来就一直是学者们争论的一个焦点问题。如何对这一概念做出定义、分类、操作乃至如何运用它来建构理论,不同的学者有不同的解释。本文以“东西方差异”作为反思“关系”概念的切入口,指出现有的“关系”概念所包含的东西方差异实质上是一种假象,并就国内学者对“关系”概念的反思进行了梳理、提出自己的理解。     

"古典古代"等于"奴隶社会"吗?——重新解读马克思的"古代生产方式"

在英语世界,20世纪80年代以后出现了关于马克思唯物史观的研究热潮[1]。20世纪80~90年代,国内学术界也曾经出现过“三种社会形态理论”与“五种社会形态理论”的激烈争论。与“五种社会形态理论”相关,国内学术界长期以来有关于中国历史上是否存在“奴隶社会”的争论,这种争论后来进一步发展,一些学者根据芬利(Finley)等西方古代史专家关于当时奴隶数量的最新研究成果[2],得出西欧历史上也不存在奴隶社会的结论。如果这种说法能够成立,那么人们自然就会进一步得出结论说:马克思把奴隶社会看做西欧历史发展中的一个“经济社会形态”的说法已…     

国外柏拉图研究中关于"图宾根学派"的争论

柏拉图的未成文学说是20世纪后半叶国外柏拉图研究中争论最为激烈、影响最为深远的一个论题。本文介绍了专注于这些学说的“图宾根学派”的基本情况、主要观点以及学界围绕这些观点出现的争论,并特别在哲学义理上评价了这场争论的实质及意义。     

全国"现代性与社会、文化转型"研讨会综述

现代性是当前学术界广泛关注的热点问题 ,也是一个争论激烈的界域。为了推进我国学术界对这一问题的研究 ,中国社会科学杂志社、《厦门大学学报》 (哲社版 )编辑部、厦门大学政治学与行政学系于 2 0 0 0年 11月 13日至 15日在厦门联合举办了全国“现代性与社会、文化转型”研讨会。来自全国各地的专家学者共 3 0多人参加了会议 ,对现代性的有关问题进行了广泛而热烈的讨论。一、“现代性”的界定现代性是一个含义宽泛的概念 ,人们可以从各个不同的层面对它作出不同的界定。与会学者就如何界定“现代性”发表了各自的看法。厦门大学陈嘉明教…     

儒家内圣之学与应用伦理学

儒家内圣之学与应用伦理学［香港］罗秉祥一、儒家伦理学之核心是内圣之学所谓内圣之学,就是“为己”之学（“古之学者为己,今之学者为人”,《论语·宪问》、《荀子·劝学》）,也是“修己”之学（《论语·宪问》）。（参刘述先,１９８７;Ｔｕ,１９７９：１７－３４...     

儒家的宗教性及其与西方基督教精神之比较

本文力图从一个中西学术界争论颇多的问题———“儒家是否是宗教”的问题中发掘出问题背后所隐含的中西宗教文化交流的时代契机。作者首先对儒家“宗教性”的概念进行定义 ,然后从哲学、道德和超越性三方面阐释了儒家宗教性的具体体现 ,并比较分析了传统向度意义上的儒家和西方基督教在宗教精神方面的不同 ,包括超越意识、终极性宗教存在、对“人”的认识以及对“心灵”的认识。最后探讨了儒家与基督教对话的可能性和必要性。     

价值层级与伦理生活辩证法

价值层级与伦理生活辩证法包利民正如罗尔斯在《公正论》中所指出的,伦理学中的两大基本概念是“公正”与“好”（善）。不同伦理生活实践及理论建构之间的分歧与争论,大都可以还原到对这两个概念的规定及其相互关系的看法之上。比如：何者第一性？应当从何者推导出另一者来？不同回答便形成了伦理学中“目的论”与“义务论”两大思路。认为伦理学应当建立在“好”（善）这一价值范畴上者,被称为“目的论”。目的论思路在伦理学中影响曾十分广泛,但其地位在当代变得起伏不定了。本文将评介一下当代西方对目的论或伦理学是否可能的争论,…     

"心理理论"的实验任务与研究趋向

20世纪80年代以来,“心理理论”已成为发展心理学的研究热点和最活跃、最多产的领域。本文介绍了“心理理论”的涵义,解释为什么称之为“理论”,在作者自己实证研究的基础上,对“心理理论”实验任务进行了总结分析。主要从实验任务的角度探讨心理理论研究中存在的问题和认知与神经机制方面的发展趋向。     

Competition and cooperation between groups and between individuals

Groups and individuals were compared in two experiments. In the first, two same-sex individuals or two same-sex dyads played 10 trials of a Prisoner's Dilemma matrix game (PDG) for money. Play between individuals was more cooperative and less competitive than play between groups. In the second experiment subjects played 10 trials of either PDG or mutual-fate-control (MFC) matrices. For the MFC matrix the competitive choice, which reduces the opponent's outcomes, but has no effect on own outcomes, reflects a desire to increase one's relative advantage over the opponent. Although cooperation was greater for MFC, for both PDG and MFC matrices groups were more competitive and less cooperative than individuals. A large component of the groups-individuals effect is attributed to the greater desire of groups to “win” or avoid “losing” to the opponent, regardless of their absolute outcomes.     

Competition between antecedent and between subsequent stimuli in causal judgments

In the analysis of stimulus competition in causal judgment, 4 variables have been frequently confounded with respect to the conditions necessary for stimuli to compete: causal status of the competing stimuli (causes vs. effects), temporal order of the competing stimuli (antecedent vs. subsequent) relative to the noncompeting stimulus, directionality of training (predictive vs. diagnostic), and directionality of testing (predictive vs. diagnostic). In a factorial study using an overshadowing preparation, the authors isolated the role of each of these variables and their interactions. The results indicate that competition may be obtained in all conditions. Although some of the results are compatible with various theories of learning, the observation of stimulus competition in all conditions calls for a less restrictive reformulation of current learning theories that allows similar processing of antecedent and subsequent events, as well as of causes and effects.     

Dissociating between cardinal and ordinal and between the value and size magnitudes of coins

In mathematics, the ordinal (relative) magnitude of a numerical object conveys a separate meaning from its cardinal (absolute) magnitude, whereas its physical size bears no inherent relationship to its magnitude. In numerical cognition, the ordinal-cardinal distinction has been scarcely addressed, whereas the size-magnitude distinction has been studied extensively, with the surprising demonstration of an interaction between semantic magnitude and physical size (Besner & Coltheart, 1979). The present work used coins to study the intricate relations between these meanings. In two experiments, Israeli observers (Experiment 1) and American observers (Experiment 2) performed numerical and physical comparative judgments of coins. Consensual markers of magnitude activation (e.g., the size congruity effect and the distance effect) were obtained. The results of the two experiments converged on the same conclusions. Comparisons of value were governed by ordinal magnitude. Magnitude interfered with comparisons of size, but size did not affect value. The results provided a set of clear dissociations between cardinal and ordinal magnitude and between value and size of coins. They highlight the important role played by ordinal information in magnitude processing.     

Choice between Delayed Reinforcers: Interaction between Delay and Deprivation Level

Choice between two reinforcers differing in magnitude and delay was investigated in rats maintained at 80% ( n = 10) or 90% ( n = 10) of their free-feeding body weights using discrete-trials adjusting-delay schedules in which the two reinforcers (S\[mall] and L\[arge]) were associated with different levers. In each phase of the experiment the delay to the smaller reinforcer ( dS ) was held constant, and the delay to the larger reinforcer ( dL ) was varied in accordance with the distribution of choices in successive blocks of trials. The value of dS was varied across the four phases of the experiment (2, 4, 8, and 2 sec). When dS was 2 sec, the mean value of dL was higher in the rats maintained at 80% than in those maintained at 90% of their free-feeding body weights. When dS was increased, the value of dL increased in both groups; however the effect of deprivation level was abolished. The results are consistent with a model of choice that posits hyperbolic relations between reinforcer value and reinforcer magnitude, and between reinforcer value and delay of reinforcement.     

你有可能走向泛神论——关于有神论与无神论的对话

一个偶然机遇,主客之间进行了一次涉及科学与无神论诸问题的友谊式的、比较系统的对话,取得一定的效果。     

Similarity between hypotheses and evidence

We explore two novel consequences of similarity-based likelihood judgment. In Section I, we distinguish between the evidence on which judgments are based and the hypotheses that serve as the objects of judgment. The location of a feature, whether in the evidence or the hypotheses, influences the perceived similarity between evidence and hypotheses and consequently yields judgments that are inconsistent with the requirements of probability theory. In Section II, we examine judgment of disjunctive hypotheses. For certain types of disjunctions, the assessment of similarity produces consistent nonmonotonicities: the support of a disjunction is smaller than that of one of its components. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings in terms of support theory and the principle of context independence.     

天儒冲突——中西方家庭伦理的初次冲撞

明末清初,以利玛窦为首的西方传教士们以“学术传教”为手段,在中国社会进行化交流和传教活动,由于两种明中在对待父子、夫妻以及仪礼规制等的价值取向上的差异,从而导致了西方伦理同中国传统社会的家庭伦理的剧烈碰撞。中国传统家庭伦理中的父权至上、男尊女卑和祭祖孝亲等伦常规范同天主教的伦理要求格格不入,互不相容,最终导致了两种不同化交流的中断。