On Learnability of Restricted Classes of Categorial Grammars

In this paper we present learning algorithms for classes of categorial grammars restricted by negative constraints. We modify learning functions of Kanazawa [10] and apply them to these classes of grammars. We also prove the learnability of intersection of the class of minimal grammars with the class of k-valued grammars. Presented by Wojciech Buszkowski     

内隐学习研究的核心方法——人工语法范式

本文是对近三十年来内隐学习的核心研究方法--人工语法范式--的一个总结.文章分三个部分,分别介绍了人工语法范式的三个要素.第一部分介绍了学习材料要素,即限定状态语法和双条件语法.第二部分介绍了指导语要素,着重讲解了它的实验性分离功能.第三部分介绍了程序要素,伴随内隐学习研究问题的深入和复杂化趋势,循序演绎了研究者对人工语法范式程序所做的调整.     

人工语法学习中习得知识的分离:基于信号检测论和结构知识的视角

习得知识的意识觉知问题一直以来是内隐学习领域的研究热点和难点。以加工分离程序来分解击中率和虚报率、以结构知识中意识和无意识测量为视角,采用2（测验方式：SDTT,SKT）×2（学习程度：30试次,60试次）混合设计,试图去分离人工语法学习中习得的意识知识和无意识知识。结果发现：（1）学习程度影响到习得的无意识知识,但还未影响到习得的意识知识;（2）在分离人工语法学习的习得知识上,SDTT的敏感性高于SKT;（3）SKT夸大了元认知中的意识成分。     

Progressing from programmatic to discovery research: a case example with the overjustification effect

Scientific research progresses along planned (programmatic research) and unplanned (discovery research) paths. In the current investigation, we attempted to conduct a single-case evaluation of the overjustification effect (i.e., programmatic research). Results of the initial analysis were contrary to the overjustification hypothesis in that removal of the reward contingency produced an increase in responding. Based on this unexpected finding, we conducted subsequent analyses to further evaluate the mechanisms underlying these results (i.e., discovery research). Results of the additional analyses suggested that the reward contingency functioned as punishment (because the participant preferred the task to the rewards) and that withdrawal of the contingency produced punishment contrast.     

Teaching spontaneous requests to children with autism using a time delay procedure with multi-component toys

Children with autism were taught spontaneous requests through a time delay procedure. Unlike previous research, which usually employed food as the target stimuli to be requested, the present study used toy pieces from multi-component toys. The procedure involved presenting a child with the target stimulus, with the trainer prompting the child by immediately modeling the request response. When the response was imitated without error, prompting was delayed with the time interval gradually being increased over trials. A spontaneous or imitated response was reinforced by giving the child the requested object. As the stimulus/model interval increased, children with autism were expected to initiate the request by themselves prior to the prompt. The efficacy of the time delay procedure was assessed using a multiple baseline across subject design with three Chinese boys with autism. Results showed that the three children acquired a 100% performance within five to nine sessions of training and the skill was maintained at the one-month and three-month followups. Furthermore, the learned response transferred to various conditions when tested across setting, person, toy, and food items. These results suggest that toys, the multi-component ones in particular, served well as reinforcers for language training. Furthermore these findings confirmed the practical utility of the time delay procedure for promoting spontaneous communication skills in children with autism.     

刻板印象错误知觉任务:区分刻板印象激活与刻板印象应用的新方法

刻板印象错误知觉任务(Stereotype Misperception Task,简称SMT)是一种能对刻板印象激活和刻板印象应用进行有效区分的研究范式,对应的多项式模型能对二者各自贡献量大小进行测算与评估。依托对二者关系的解构,介绍了SMT的操作程序、原理、多项式模型及其数据分析,比较了SMT和情感错误归因程序(AMP)以及四重模型的内在关联和本质区别,展望了未来的发展方向。     

Simple discrimination training with differential responses to establish functional and equivalence classes with preschool children

The present study assessed whether simple discrimination training with differential responses would produce functional and equivalence classes with preschool children. In Experiment 1, we exposed 10 children to simple successive discrimination training in which they had to press different buttons (selection‐based responses). Response 1 (R1) was reinforced only in the presence of A1, B1, or C1, and Response 2 (R2) was reinforced only in the presence of A2, B2, or C2. We assessed the formation of functional classes by training new selection responses in the presence of one member of each class (A1‐R3, A2‐R4) and testing to see if these responses would occur in the presence of other members. Eight children responded consistently with functional class formation. Four of these eight children also responded consistently with the formation of equivalence classes. Experiment 2 investigated whether differential motor responses (i.e., gestures) would improve equivalence class yields. Three of six children showed both functional and equivalence class formation. In general, the results indicate that the simple discrimination procedure with differential responses yielded functional and equivalence class formation.     

Correspondence Results for Relational Proof Systems with Application to the Lambek Calculus

We present a general framework for proof systems for relational theories. We discuss principles of the construction of deduction rules and correspondences reflecting relationships between semantics of relational logics and the rules of the respective proof systems. We illustrate the methods developed in the paper with examples relevant for the Lambek calculus and some of its extensions.     

浅议辩证思维方法在高血压预防及治疗中的应用

辩证思维方法是最普遍适用、最重要的科学思维方法之一。高血压的预防及治疗中的各个方面无不渗透着丰富的哲学思想,理解和把握哲学思想对高血压的防治具有重要的指导意义。     

Equivalence‐based instruction of academic skills: Application to adolescents with autism

This study evaluated the efficacy of three equivalence‐based instruction procedures on the acquisition of novel academic skills by 3 adolescents diagnosed with autism in a school setting. The skills targeted for instruction were related to topics in history, science, and mathematics, and were taught using different training structures from the PEAK‐E curriculum. All participants demonstrated mastery of the trained relations and the tested derived relations following all variants of equivalence‐based instruction.     

Review of Social Cognition Research on Stereotyping: Application to Psychologists Working with Older Adults

This paper summarizes a number of cognitive processes that contribute to the formation and maintenance of stereotypes. Specific discussion centers on how these may play a role in shaping perceptions of older adults. Suggestions are offered as to how psychologists might combat their tendency to stereotype because older adults have special needs that must be identified to provide accurate case conceptualization and effective psychotherapy from a professional ethics perspective.     

Multicriteria Classification with Unknown Categories: A Clustering–Sorting Approach and an Application to Conflict Management

This work proposes an approach to cluster and sort a set of alternatives considering multi‐criteria categories with a partial order structure. It can be considered a heuristic approach because it does not attempt to derive an optimal partial order among all conceivable clusters of alternatives. Rather than this, it intends to be a simple approach that is transparent to the Decision Maker (DM) whose assistance is sought to help shaping the results. The approach proposed arises from the conjugation of traditional Clustering analysis and Multi‐criteria sorting tools. At the outset, the number of categories and their characteristics is unknown. First, we need to detect only the clusters themselves on the basis of a similarity measure independent of the preferences of the DM. Next, we detect potential partial order relations that might exist between them, according to the subjective preferences of the DM. Such preferences are elicited only after the DM has examined the clusters detected and deemed that these categories made sense. The new approach performs very well in a real‐world problem of management of intragroup conflicts and conflict handling strategies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Situation Taxonomy and Behavioral Diagnosis Using Prospective Self-Monitoring Data: Application to Dietary Adherence in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes

The goals of this study were to create a taxonomy of problem situations for diet adherence in persons with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1 diabetes) and a behavioral diagnosis by grouping patients together who have similar adherence problems. In study one, 29 patients with Type 1 diabetes kept food diaries for 4 weeks. Adherence was assessed using eight behavioral measures: (1) compliance with a meal plan, (2) energy intake, (3) protein, (4) carbohydrates, (5) fat, (6) self-reported overeating, (7) self-reported undereating, and (8) ratings of impulsive eating. The occurrence of each behavior was quantified in a wide range of situational contexts including meal, social context, physical location, and mood. Cluster analysis of behaviors, situations, and behaviors-in-situations was used to create a hierarchical classification model consisting of five major categories of adherence problems: (1) compliance with meal plan, (2) undereating, (3) overeating, (4) impulsive eating, and (5) lifestyle differences. Within each category, situations were associated with everyday eating habits and special circumstances such as social events, and meals in restaurants. Grouping patients based on the similarity of their adherence problems resulted in five diagnostic groups: (1) emotional binge eaters, (2) restrained eaters, (3) unrestrained eaters, (4) undereaters, and (5) cyclical diet bingers. In study two, 28 subjects kept diaries during an intervention program designed to enhance dietary adherence. Study two results were similar to study one. Situation taxonomy and behavioral diagnosis are potentially useful ways to understand the intervention needs of those attempting maintaining dietary behavior changes.     

Developing an Output‐Oriented Super Slacks‐Based Measure Model with an Application to Third‐Party Reverse Logistics Providers

Outsourcing is an increasingly significant topic pursued via corporations seeking enhanced efficiency. Third‐party reverse logistics involves the employ of external firms to carry out some or all of the firm's logistics activities. Output‐oriented super slacks‐based measure (SBM) model is one of the models in data envelopment analysis (DEA). In many real‐world applications, data are often stochastic. A successful approach to address uncertainty in data is to replace deterministic data via random variables, leading to chance‐constrained DEA. In this paper, a chance‐constrained output‐oriented super SBM model is developed and also its deterministic equivalent, which is a nonlinear program, is derived. Furthermore, it is shown that the deterministic equivalent of the stochastic output‐oriented super SBM model can be converted into a quadratic program. In addition, sensitivity analysis of the stochastic output‐oriented super SBM model is discussed with respect to changes on parameters. Finally, a numerical example demonstrates the application of the proposed model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.