材料规则难度对内隐与外显协同学习的影响

选取两种规则难度的人工语法字母串.采用强分离的实验程序,探索了材料规则难度对内隐学习、内隐与外显的协同学习的影响.结果显示: (1)规则难度较大的限定状态人工语法学习中,内隐学习成绩显著好于外显学习;而在难度较小的双条件语法学习中,外显学习显著好于内隐学习. (2)在两种规则难度的材料学习中,内隐与外显的协同学习成绩均好于单独的内隐或者外显学习,具有优势效应. (3)内隐学习获得的规则知识具有可迁移性.     

平面几何图形内隐学习的优势效应

在人工语法范式下,以平面几何图形为材料。探讨平面几何图形内隐和外显学习的特点,并增设性别变量以了解内隐和外显学习的性别差异。以108名在校大学生为被试,分内隐和外显学习组,每组男女各半。结果表明：1、指导语上不存在主效应,即平面几何图形内隐学习存在优势效应。2、性别变量不存在主效应,即男女在学习能力上性别差异不显著。3、单元变量上存在主效应,单元二的成绩好于单元一。实验结果再次证明了内隐学习优势效应的普遍存在。     

人工语法中的内隐学习实验研究

用Reber等人发明的人工语法和人工语法学习程序,研究在复杂规则学习中的内隐学习与外显学习过程.实验结果发现内隐学习中启动效应存在,内隐学习效应明显,支持Reber等人提出的内隐学习理论;对内隐记忆与外显记忆关系的研究,支持杨治良等(1998)提出的内隐和外显记忆的"钢筋水泥"结构性模型的假设.     

英语双写规则的内隐与外显协同学习效应与年龄效应

选取小四、小五、小六、七年级的被试,采用内隐学习的强分离实验范式,探索了英语双写规则的内隐学习及内隐与外显的协同学习效应。实验一使用人工语法字母串的结果表明,内隐与外显协同学习成绩显著好于单独的内隐或外显学习,但年龄效应不显著。实验二采用英语双写规则的假词为材料,结果显示协同学习具有优势效应和年龄效应。综合表明,真实材料的协同学习较多地受到了意识的影响,表现出了显著的发展特征。     

汉语儿童英语语音特征内隐与外显学习的比较研究

实验选取64个英文单词为实验材料,以不同的分类方式为自变量．探讨在给予高强度练习和准确反馈的前提下．汉语儿童完成同时具有显著性特征(字母组合)维度和非显著性特征(发音)维度的英语语音分类任务时,内隐学习和外显学习各自的特点,发现(1)在及时分类条件下,有显著的内隐学习效应;(2)外显学习的抗干扰性弱,内隐学习的抗干扰性强．而且内隐学习所获得的知识具有稳固性;(3)及时分类有利于内隐学习,延时分类有利于外显学习。     

学优生与学困生内隐与外显协同学习的比较研究

根据目前国内采用的标准,选取学优生和学困生各120人。运用内隐学习中的双条件人工语法材料和强分离的实验范式,考察和比较了两种学生的内隐学习、内隐与外显协同学习的成绩。结果显示:(1)学优生在外显学习、协同学习(先内隐后外显以及内隐与外显交替)方式下的成绩显著好于学困生,而在内隐学习方式下,二者成绩差异不显著。(2)学优生的外显学习及协同学习成绩显著好于内隐学习成绩,而学困生在四种学习方式下成绩差异不显著。表明在人工语法学习中学优生的有意识学习及其与无意识的协同学习效果较好,而学困生的有意识学习及协同学习较差。     

同步内隐／外显序列学习：事件相关的fMRI的初步研究

本文利用事件相关fMRI研究探讨对于内隐和外显学习在脑区激活上的差异.实验采用同步内隐/外显学习序列,以有色的形状作为刺激材料.要求被试对于刺激的颜色做选择反应,并在颜色消失后找出形状的内在规则.颜色和图形序列分别采用两个独立的马尔可夫链,即下一个图形的颜色或者形状有70%的可能服从序列规则.行为数据显示被试习得了外显和内隐的规则,fMRI成像主要比较内隐和外显学习在学习过程和知识运用上脑区激活的差异.结果发现,与内隐学习柑比,外显学习在额叶的激活更为显著.而且,内隐学习和外显学习在视觉皮层的激活出现分离,内隐学习中枕叶的激活减弱,而外显学习中枕叶的激活增加.     

内隐学习与外显学习的比较研究

本实验选择88级大学生80名,分内隐和外显学习组。学习阶段使用部分报告法,测验阶段使用再认、再现两种方法检查学习效果。实验结果支持了雷伯等人关于内隐学习中指导语效应的研究成果,与他们关于内隐学习在记忆及内在结构掌握等多方面优于外显学习的结论一致,并对意识在内隐学习中作用进行了尝试性研究和讨论。     

序列学习中的内隐学习效应

该研究采用较为复杂的包含图形出现的位置规则和顺序规则的实验材料,通过对比被试直接测验和间接测验、内隐学习和外显学习成绩的异同,考察了序列学习中的内隐学习效应,并探讨了规则特点对内隐学习效应的影响。结果表明,在图形位置的序列学习中存在内隐学习效应,内隐学习效应的大小受规则特点的影响。     

内隐学习在第二语言语音学习中的作用

本研究以大学生为被试,用符合德语读音规则的人造无意义单词(含4~5个音素)为刺激材料,采用强分离程序———匹配和编辑,并增设时间变量,比较了在先匹配后编辑,先编辑后匹配,只匹配,只编辑4种不同内隐、外显学习方式下被试对语音规则的掌握。结果表明,语音学习中存在内隐学习的优势效应,内隐与外显结合的学习方式最好。此外,实验证实了语音的内隐学习也存在长时效应。     

再探外显学习指导语的作用

本研究采用加工分离程序,对外显学习指导语的作用重新加以探讨.结果发现在外显学习指导语条件下,被试的作业成绩虽然较差,但并非由于外显指导语干扰了被试对规则的掌握.事实上,外显指导语促进了被试对规则的掌握.以往有关研究之所以出现不一致的结果,是由于它们采用任务分离范式,未能有效分离外显与内隐加工,以及记忆等因素的影响.     

直觉对内隐学习优势效应的特异性贡献

已有人工语法的内隐学习研究中一个关键的问题是被试在不同指导语诱发下究竟形成了什么样的知识表征？实验借助结构知识的测量方式, 采用记忆和规则探索两种指导语, 考察了两组被试所获得的深层知识表征(结构知识)。结果发现：(1)在记忆指导语条件下, 被试获得了语法规则; (2)直觉在记忆指导语条件下贡献突出, 表现出特异性。该结果表明记忆指导语引发了被试基于直觉区分人工语法规则的内隐学习优势效应。     

非文字内隐学习的优势效应

本研究以大学生为被试,运用计算机将人工语法范式程序化,分别以色块串和色词串为材料,研究颜色内隐和外显学习的特点;并增设时间变量（单元）以了解学习的详细进程。结果发现：1.学习材料上存在主效应,非言语材料（包块）较言语材料（色词）更适合于内隐加工。2.时间变量上也存在主效应,整体呈递增趋势;3.指导语上不存在主效应,即内隐学习在不同材料上的优势效应依然存在。实验结果极好地支持了非文字内隐学习优势效应的假设。     

Effects of different types of analogy instruction on the performance and inter-joint coordination of novice darts learners

ObjectivesAnalogy instruction has an advantage on motor skill learning. The effect of analogy instructional type on kinematics, particularly on inter-joint coordination, is an extremely understudied area of research. Against this background, this paper experimentally controlled the quality and quantity of the to-be-learned information included in instruction and applied principal component analysis (PCA) to time-series data of joint angles to examine whether different instruction methods could change inter-joint coordination structure.Methods and designForty-five novice participants, fifteen each for three independent groups, performed dart-throwing training with either explicit, rule-based biomechanical metaphor (RBM), or information-integrated biomechanical metaphor (IIM) instructions. Performance and kinematics were evaluated in pre-test, retention test, and transfer test that can increase psychological pressure. The dependent variables were performance outcome, joint variability, and measurements derived from PCA.ResultsAnalyses revealed a significant test effect for the performance outcome, joint variability, and PCA measurements. No significant group effect or group–test interaction was found for the performance outcome and joint variability. Significant test effect and test–group interaction were found for the wrist PC1 loading. The IIM group means significantly increased in the retention and transfer tests. The explicit and RBM group means showed no significant effects of the test. These results suggest that IIM learners significantly changed the PCA structure in the retention test and maintained it in the transfer test, whereas explicit and RBM learners did not.ConclusionsThe findings provide the first insight into the effects of information-integrated biomechanical metaphors on the acquisition of inter-joint coordination structures for novice learners.     

儿童对空间位置协变的外显学习和内隐学习的比较研究

内隐学习是无意识地获得关于刺激环境的复杂知识的过程,是不同于外显学习模式的另一种学习模式。空间位置协变是一种复杂的关系,能被人们加工、储存、运用却不被意识。本研究采用反应时和预估正确率两个指标,通过实验比较了儿童对空间位置协变的外显学习和内隐学习的效果。结果表明,儿童在面临像空间位置协变这样的复杂任务时有内隐学习模式出现,并且内隐学习的效果优于外显学习。     

Cognitive Task Analysis for Implicit Knowledge About Visual Representations With Similarity Learning Methods

Visual representations are prevalent in STEM instruction. To benefit from visuals, students need representational competencies that enable them to see meaningful information. Most research has focused on explicit conceptual representational competencies, but implicit perceptual competencies might also allow students to efficiently see meaningful information in visuals. Most common methods to assess students’ representational competencies rely on verbal explanations or assume explicit attention. However, because perceptual competencies are implicit and not necessarily verbally accessible, these methods are ill‐equipped to assess them. We address these shortcomings with a method that draws on similarity learning, a machine learning technique that detects visual features that account for participants’ responses to triplet comparisons of visuals. In Experiment 1, 614 chemistry students judged the similarity of Lewis structures and in Experiment 2, 489 students judged the similarity of ball‐and‐stick models. Our results showed that our method can detect visual features that drive students’ perception and suggested that students’ conceptual knowledge about molecules informed perceptual competencies through top‐down processes. Furthermore, Experiment 2 tested whether we can improve the efficiency of the method with active sampling. Results showed that random sampling yielded higher accuracy than active sampling for small sample sizes. Together, the experiments provide the first method to assess students’ perceptual competencies implicitly, without requiring verbalization or assuming explicit visual attention. These findings have implications for the design of instructional interventions that help students acquire perceptual representational competencies.     

儿童英语句法学习中内隐学习和外显学习的关系

本文以内隐学习理论为基础,采用强分离程序,分别选取有、无英语学习经验的被试,从句法学习方面探讨了儿童英语学习过程中内隐学习和外显学习的作用及关系,结果表明:(1)单纯的内隐学习方式或单纯的外显学习方式都不利于对句法规则的掌握;(2)两种学习方式的协同效应发挥着重要的作用,先外显学习后内隐学习的学习方式有助于句法规则的掌握;(3)内隐学习、先内隐学习后外显学习的学习方式不适用于较简单句法规则的学习;内隐学习也不适用于难度较高的句法规则的学习。     

Moving to Learn: How Guiding the Hands Can Set the Stage for Learning

Previous work has found that guiding problem‐solvers' movements can have an immediate effect on their ability to solve a problem. Here we explore these processes in a learning paradigm. We ask whether guiding a learner's movements can have a delayed effect on learning, setting the stage for change that comes about only after instruction. Children were taught movements that were either relevant or irrelevant to solving mathematical equivalence problems and were told to produce the movements on a series of problems before they received instruction in mathematical equivalence. Children in the relevant movement condition improved after instruction significantly more than children in the irrelevant movement condition, despite the fact that the children showed no improvement in their understanding of mathematical equivalence on a ratings task or on a paper‐and‐pencil test taken immediately after the movements but before instruction. Movements of the body can thus be used to sow the seeds of conceptual change. But those seeds do not necessarily come to fruition until after the learner has received explicit instruction in the concept, suggesting a “sleeper effect” of gesture on learning.