Temperament and Parenting during the First Year of Life Predict Future Child Conduct Problems

Predictive associations between parenting and temperament during the first year of life and child conduct problems were assessed longitudinally in 1,863 offspring of a representative sample of women. Maternal ratings of infant fussiness, activity level, predictability, and positive affect each independently predicted maternal ratings of conduct problems during ages 4–13 years. Furthermore, a significant interaction indicated that infants who were both low in fussiness and high in predictability were at very low risk for future conduct problems. Fussiness was a stronger predictor of conduct problems in boys whereas fearfulness was a stronger predictor in girls. Conduct problems also were robustly predicted by low levels of early mother-report cognitive stimulation when infant temperament was controlled. Interviewer-rated maternal responsiveness was a robust predictor of conduct problems, but only among infants low in fearfulness. Spanking during infancy predicted slightly more severe conduct problems, but the prediction was moderated by infant fussiness and positive affect. Thus, individual differences in risk for mother-rated conduct problems across childhood are already partly evident in maternal ratings of temperament during the first year of life and are predicted by early parenting and parenting-by-temperament interactions.

Differences in Scope Assignments for Child and Adult Speakers of Mandarin

The present study used a Truth Value Judgment Task to investigate whether changes in sentence structure lead to corresponding changes in the assignment of scope relations by Mandarin-speaking children and adults. In one condition, participants were presented with ordinary negative sentences containing disjunction; this condition was designed to verify the existing claim that disjunction is a positive polarity item for adult speakers of Mandarin, but not for child speakers. In a second condition, participants were presented with negative sentences where the disjunction phrase was preposed from object position; this condition was designed to examine the extent to which changes in sentence structure can result in changes in scope assignments to negated disjunctions. The results indicate that the preposed disjunction phrase undergoes reconstruction for children, whereas reconstruction is blocked for adults. This finding also suggests that Mandarin-speaking children and adults exhibit different scope preferences for negated disjunctions, regardless of where the disjunction phrase appears in the surface syntax.     

胃肠道肿瘤的分子靶向治疗:未来的方向?

分子靶向治疗是这几年来消化道肿瘤治疗领域的热门话题.这类新一代的分子靶向生物治疗模式,将在临床治疗肿瘤实践中具有广阔的应用前景.从事肿瘤研究的临床医务人员需要综合归纳这些信息,融汇入自己的认知将之合理应用于患者.我们将真正进入传统的细胞毒性药物攻击与非细胞毒性靶向性药物相结合使用的时代,真正实现延长患者的生命,改善其生活质量的目标.     

创新药物埃克替尼临床研究进展及研究方向

晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）是全世界范围内主要的癌症死亡原因之一。晚期NSCLC的治疗主要是姑息性治疗和以铂类为基础的化疗,但上述治疗手段近几年已逐渐进入平台期。表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（EGFR～TKIs）,如吉非替尼,厄洛替尼和阿法替尼的出现延长了患者的无进展生存期,与化疗相比具有较好的安全性,明显改善了患者生活质量,特别是对EGFR基因突变的晚期NSCLC患者获益更加明显。盐酸埃克替尼是我国自主研发的口服高选择性EGFR—TKIs抑制剂,属1．1类新药。其Ⅲ期注册性研究（ICOGEN）结果表明对于既往接受过化疗失败的患者,埃克替尼疗效与吉非替尼相似,且安全性更优。基于该研究,2011年6月CFDA批准埃克替尼用于既往化疗失败的晚期非小细胞肺癌。本文将探讨埃克替尼相关临床研究进展,以及其未来研发等几个方面。     

The Future Work Self and Calling: The Mediational Role of Life Meaning

Research on calling prevailingly focuses on the positive effects on well-being and career development. However, explorations of the predictors and emergence of callings are sparse. We tested a model in which clarity about the future work self promotes one’s sense of calling through increased life meaning. We sampled 473 Chinese college students with a three-wave panel design over 1 year. Using time-lagged analysis, we found that the future work self at T1 significantly predicted increased life meaning at T2, which, in turn, significantly predicted increased calling at T3. This indirect effect was significant and supported the hypothesized longitudinal mediation model. The reverse effects of one’s calling as a predictor of self-clarity about one’s future work life or life meaning were not confirmed. Our findings suggest that among Chinese college students, self-clarity about one’s future work life and understanding one’s life meaning are two important steps in the development of one’s calling.     

Discovering the Inner Life of a Child

Abstract

Using Winnicott's concept of transitional space, joint attention, theory of mind, and a case vignette, the author describes techniques in elucidating and elaborating a child's play space, hence, psychic life. Explicating the child's theory of mind uncovers the dynamics, motives, conflicts, and unconscious material used by the analyst to form interpretations and encourage the child's self-reflective function (Fonagy & Target, 1996). Finally, a case vignette illustrates the enhancement of play space by elucidating the child's theory of mind.     

The Future Direction of Multicultural Counseling: An Assessment of Preservice School Counselors' Thoughts

This article presents the findings of a study of preservice school counselors' conceptualizations of the goals, implementations, and practice of multicultual counseling. This study reveals several observations for school counselor training programs to consider and hopefully address.     

医学整合:公共卫生教育发展的方向

医学整合是我国公共卫生发展的战略方向,也是公共卫生教育发展的方向.我国公共卫生教育在医学整合存在诸多不利因素,需要与基础医学和临床医学教育整合,与健康教育和健康促进整合,与公共卫生实践整合,培养具有整合医学知识、素质和能力的公共卫生人才.     

The Direction of Causation and the Direction of Time

It is, it seems, a fundamental fact that the future is due to the present, or, more mildly, is affected by the present, but the past is not. What does this mean? It is not clear and, if we try to make it clear, it turns into nonsense or a definition…     

Family Treatment of Child Anxiety: Outcomes,Limitations and Future Directions

Anxiety of childhood is a common and serious condition. The past decade has seen an increase in treatment-focussed research, with recent trials tending to give greater attention to parents in the treatment process. This review examines the efficacy of family-based cognitive behaviour therapy and attempts to delineate some of the factors that might have an impact on its efficacy. The choice and timing of outcome measure, age and gender of the child, level of parental anxiety, severity and type of child anxiety and treatment format and content are scrutinised. The main conclusions are necessarily tentative, but it seems likely that Family Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (FCBT) is superior to no treatment, and, for some outcome measures, also superior to Child Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CCBT). Where FCBT is successful, the results are consistently maintained at follow-up. It appears that where a parent is anxious, and this is not addressed, outcomes are less good. However, for children of anxious parents, FCBT is probably more effective than CCBT. What is most clear is that large, well-designed studies, examining these factors alone and in combination, are now needed.     

Child Psychosocial Functioning and Parent Quality of Life Among Clinically Referred Children

We examined factors that account for quality of life among parents of clinically referred children. Families (N = 201) of children (ages 3-14) referred for oppositional, aggressive, and antisocial behavior participated. Parent and family contextual factors and child psychosocial functioning (symptoms and impairment) were predicted to influence parents' quality of life. As predicted, socioeconomic disadvantage, parent stress and psychopathology, poor interpersonal relations, and limited social support were related to lower levels of quality of life. Once these factors were controlled, child psychosocial functioning also contributed positively to quality of life. Further research on quality of life in the family can have important implications for understanding the context of both child and parent functioning.     

Responsive Parenting and Child Socialization: Integrating Two Contexts of Family Life

Developmental and behavioral research traditions differ in their prioritization of certain interpersonal contexts. Developmentalists focus on what might be called the attunement context and investigate how parent responsiveness impacts child symbolic capacities and social behavior. Behaviorists, on the other hand, focus primarily on limit-setting encounters and how reinforcement impacts rates of coercive and cooperative child behavior. The present paper discusses parental attunement from a reinforcement perspective. It illustrates that child behavior is related not only to how parents respond to prior episodes of coercion and cooperation, but to a wide range of child social behaviors.     

Child Care in Cross-Cultural Perspectives: Implications for the Future Organization of Child Care in the United States

In every society care of children is primarily a female responsibility, yet there is still tremendous cross-cultural variation in the organization of child care. Three characteristics of child care in small-scale traditional agrarian societies are discussed: role integration, use of auxiliary caregivers, and the effects of certain ecological patterns on childrearing. Data concerning each of these points is presented, along with implications for the future organization of child care in our own society. These implications are based on, first, the assumption of adaptiveness in forms of child care organization that have evolved over periods of time in these relatively stable societies, and, secondly, on the notion that concepts of child care that work in other societies can, in many cases, be adapted to current conditions in the United States.     

投资于未来:我国儿童健康政策述评

本文以健康风险—卫生政策为分析思路,梳理了改革开放前后两个阶段儿童健康风险与政策应对。计划经济时期,儿童健康受制于恶劣的自然环境、低下的经济发展水平以及落后的医疗技术条件,其效应的发挥很大程度上得益于政府强大的资源动员能力,以及运动式的环境改造方式。20世纪90年代以来的市场化改革,改变了健康风险,也产生了健康的经济风险和健康不平等。儿童健康问题并不是单纯的医疗领域的问题,而需要综合性手段予以应对,需要多部门的配合。