与任务无关的刺激-反应联结对中老年人自动加工的影响

采用掩蔽启动范式,选取字母和数字作为刺激,任务因素为与当前任务无关的处于预备状态的刺激-反应联结,探讨自上而下的任务因素对中老年人自动加工过程的影响。发现中老年被试的自动反应激活过程不受到自上而下的当前无关的、处于预备状态的刺激-反应联结作用的影响,自动加工是完全自动化的。     

认知重评策略对注意分配的影响

认知重评是采用对当前刺激情境的意义进行重新解释来改变情绪体验的情绪调节策略。该研究以31名大学生为被试,采用负性情绪图片作为刺激材料,2(是否认知重评:被动观看、认知重评)×2(情绪词:中性词、负性词)的两因素完全被试内设计,考察认知重评对情绪体验的调节作用是否通过影响对注意的分配来实现的。结果发现:(1)认知重评条件下负性情绪体验的强度比被动观看条件下显著降低。(2)对于中性词,认知重评阶段的反应时显著快于被动观看阶段,t(29)=-5.09,p0.01。而对于负性词,认知重评阶段的反应时显著长于被动观看阶段,t(29)=2.43,p0.05。以上结果说明,认知重评的情绪调节策略可以通过减弱对负性刺激的注意偏向来降低负性情绪体验。     

阅读中的注意分配:序列与平行之争

阅读中的注意分配问题是区分目前占主导地位的两类眼动控制模型的核心因素,基于序列分布假设的眼动控模型与基于平行注意分布的眼动控制模型在对眼动行为的预测中存在一些显著的差异,譬如一次注视下能否深度加工知觉广度内的一个以上词汇的信息.文章围绕两类模型对该问题的不同预测,深入探讨了两类模型的核心差异以及相关实验证据,并概括其它相关领域中在知觉广度内关于序列与平行注意分布的研究,以及对建构中文眼动控制模型的重要意义.     

刺激同一性对错误后反应的影响

当错误发生后,人们往往会放慢错误后反应的速度,以避免错误的再次发生,许多研究者认为,这是自上而下的认知控制对错误后反应的影响.为了探讨刺激属性是否也在错误后的反应中起作用,本研究从刺激同一性角度出发,探讨错误反应刺激与错误后刺激的同一性以及反应-刺激间隔时间(RSI)对错误后反应的影响.结果发现,当错误后的刺激与错误反应的刺激一致时,可减小错误后反应时延长的程度,同时,RSI越大,PES越小.本研究得出结论,刺激同一性和RSI作为自下而上的刺激驱动在PES的产生过程中发挥了作用.     

注意分配与注意选择能力的年龄差异比较

为了考察注意能力的年龄差异,分别从注意分配能力和注意选择能力两个方面对青年和老年被试的表现进行了比较。结果表明：青、老年在注意分配能力上没有显着的差异;而青、老年在注意选择能力上却有显着的差异,老年的注意选择能力有显着的衰退。因此,注意能力衰退对认知年老化的影响可能更主要的是来自于注意控制能力的衰退。     

线索对基本特征刺激加工作用机制研究

许多研究认为,基本特征的觉察过程是平行加工的过程,它的探测与注意分配到某个位置没有关系。本实验通过不同线索分配注意,探讨了基本特征的平行加工与选择性注意的作用的关系。结果发现：(1)基本特征的平行加工,可能受到注意分配影响的;(2)注意分配的作用可能通过抑制干扰项的加工,而不仅仅只是通过促进靶子的加工而实现的。作者在讨论中探讨了可能的原因。     

不同刺激重复量对反应抑制后效应的影响

旨在探讨不同刺激重复量对反应抑制后效应的影响。在不同刺激重复量条件下,让被试完成停止信号任务。结果发现,从总体来看,刺激重复量因素上的主效应显著,重复类型因素上主效应不显著;信号抑制条件下不同刺激重复量后无信号试次反应时与总的无信号试次反应时差异不显著;信号反应条件下不同刺激重复量后无信号试次反应时与总的无信号试次反应时差异显著。本研究表明不同刺激重复量条件下的反应抑制后效应是认知控制的执行加工而非自动化的记忆提取。     

刺激与反应:瑞典的现代化模式研究

瑞典在传统社会时期,由于历史上的分分合合,民族国家的形成经历了漫长的过程;在经济方面,由于各种条件的限制,农业经济不够发达;在社会方面,农民拥有相对的自由,社会结构相对宽松;在文化和价值观上,容易接受外来文化的影响。上述特点决定了瑞典的现代化不可能从"内部"产生,而必须借助外部力量的推动。19世纪中叶,西欧的部分国家如英国和法国等相继完成了工业革命,增加了对边缘国家包括瑞典农业产品和生产资料进口的需求,而瑞典的自然资源状况、地理位置、运输体系、采用外国技术的能力、国际贸易传统、经济适应新需求的灵活性,使瑞典能够对这种拉动做出积极反应。正是由于这一因素,瑞典从19世纪起,在较短的时间内完成了现代化的进程。     

反应与刺激冲突的脑机制差异:来自ERP研究的证据

采用事件相关电位技术(ERP),用侧抑制任务探讨了刺激和反应冲突的脑内时程动态变化。行为数据表明,冲突条件的反应时显著长于无冲突条件,表现出明显的干扰效应;脑电数据表明,在300-450ms内,反应冲突比无冲突诱发了一个更负的ERP成分(N300-450),主要分布于额顶部,偶极子溯源分析发现,这一负成分可能主要源于ACC;而刺激冲突与无冲突相比在350-450ms内,也诱发了一个更负的ERP成分(N350-450),该负成分可能主要源于丘脑附近。这一结果表明,刺激与反应冲突所涉及的大脑机制可能并不相同。     

信息加工阶段与情绪刺激加工

情绪刺激的特定加工路径使其能够有效捕获注意并获得加工资源,在一定程度上反映了其加工优势。然而,由于信息加工资源的有限性,由情绪信息引发的、不受自上而下认知因素影响的加工优势并非一直存在。本文根据情绪刺激在信息加工过程不同阶段的加工特点,阐述了情绪注意效应与自上而下注意效应在知觉阶段的注意选择过程中的交互影响,以及在执行控制阶段,情绪刺激加工与执行控制功能间的相互作用。     

Dynamic,Embodied, Limited-Capacity Attention and Memory: Modeling Cognitive Processing of Mediated Stimuli

Abstract

Human sensory processing does not occur in a vacuum. Instead it unfolds over time and reflects the motivational goals of the person. The perceptual system identifies emotionally relevant stimuli from the world, and these stimuli are processed differently than unemotional stimuli. As the nervous system prepares the body for action, motivated attention is directed to relevant objects in the world. These processes are not separable but rather reflect a unified embodied cognition. When visual information is mediated, the body still responds, and cognition of emotionally charged mediated topics reflects the body's responses. This article outlines a dynamic, embodied approach to the cognitive processing of mediated stimuli, presents a connectionist model to account for the cognitive processing, and compares model predictions with past results. The model is driven by data and theoretical work in communication showing that arousal fundamentally affects processing of and memory for mediated messages.     

Reflexive Attention Modulates Processing of Visual Stimuli in Human Extrastriate Cortex

Attention can be oriented reflexively to a location in space by an abrupt change in the visual scene. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of reflexive attention on the neural processing of visual stimuli. The findings show that reflexively oriented attention produces modulations in early sensory analysis at the same extrastriate neural locus as the earliest effects of voluntarily focused attention. In addition, stimulus processing was found to be enhanced at later stages of analysis, which reflect stimulus relevance. As is the case with behavioral measures of reflexive attention, these physiological enhancement effects are rapidly engaged but short-lived. As time passes between the initial attention-capturing event and subsequent stimuli, the extrastriate effect reverses, and the enhancement of higher order processing subsides. These findings indicate that reflexive attention is able to affect perceptions of the visual world by modulating neural processing as early as extrastriate visual cortex.     

The Role of Spatial Attention in Nonconscious Processing: A Comparison of Face and Nonface Stimuli

ABSTRACT— Recent findings from the masked priming paradigm have revealed a surprising influence of higher-level cognitive systems (i.e., attention) on nonconscious cognitive processes. These data have effectively undermined the long-standing assumption in cognitive science that nonconscious processes are carried out independently of attention and have quickly led to the opposite view that attention is a prerequisite for nonconscious processes. Here we present evidence for a middle position by showing that the dependence of nonconscious processes on attention varies with the type of information to be processed. Specifically, we found that nonconsciously perceived faces engaged cognitive processes regardless of attention, whereas nonface stimuli engaged cognitive processes only when attended. These qualitatively different patterns suggest two distinct processing routes: one that is modulated by visual attention and one that is not.     

触觉刺激对触觉注意启动作用的研究

目的：探讨触觉刺激对触觉注意的影响,以揭示选择性注意的机制。方法：利用在体电生理记录技术,记录了288个丘脑腹侧基底核（ventrobasal nuleus of thalamus,VB）神经元放电活动,并着重考察了不同强度触觉刺激对丘脑神经元细胞自发放电活动的影响。结果发现：触觉刺激对大部分的触觉神经元的自发放电活动均有抑制性影响。提示触觉刺激降低背景噪声可能是触发选择性触觉注意的神经机制。     

高中生的亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响

为了探讨高中生亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响,实验一采用亲子沟通量表,筛选出亲子沟通高分组和低分组,两组被试参加点探测任务,要求被试迅速判断情绪性图片出现后呈现的圆点的位置。实验为2（组别：高亲子沟通组、低亲子沟通组）×2（情绪类型：负性和正性）×2（探测点位置一致性：一致、不一致）的混合实验设计。结果发现,负性和正性刺激的不一致条件反应时均显著短于一致条件的反应时。实验二采用事件相关电位（ERP）记录了情绪性图片诱发的信号反应。结果发现,亲子沟通高分组对负性刺激所诱发的注意指向和集中（P2成分）及选择和巩固（P3成分）显著高于低分组。以上结果表明,亲子沟通较好,在注意早期定向和选择中会对负性情绪刺激产生注意偏向。亲子沟通较差,则对情绪性的刺激没有明显的偏向性,类似于“漠不关心”的状态。     

高中生的亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响

为了探讨高中生亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响,实验一采用亲子沟通量表,筛选出亲子沟通高分组和低分组,两组被试参加点探测任务,要求被试迅速判断情绪性图片出现后呈现的圆点的位置。实验为2（组别：高亲子沟通组、低亲子沟通组）×2（情绪类型：负性和正性）×2（探测点位置一致性：一致、不一致）的混合实验设计。结果发现,负性和正性刺激的不一致条件反应时均显著短于一致条件的反应时。实验二采用事件相关电位（ERP）记录了情绪性图片诱发的信号反应。结果发现,亲子沟通高分组对负性刺激所诱发的注意指向和集中（P2成分）及选择和巩固（P3成分）显著高于低分组。以上结果表明,亲子沟通较好,在注意早期定向和选择中会对负性情绪刺激产生注意偏向。亲子沟通较差,则对情绪性的刺激没有明显的偏向性,类似于“漠不关心”的状态。     

Negative Affectivity, Effortful Control, and Attention to Threat-Relevant Stimuli

There is increasing recognition of temperamental influences on risk for psychopathology. Whereas the link between the broad temperament construct of negative affectivity (NA) and problems associated with anxiety and depression is now well-established, the mechanisms through which this link operate are not well understood. One possibility involves interactions between reactive and effortful components of temperament, as well as cognitive factors, like attentional biases to threat stimuli. This study tested a predicted relation between high levels of NA, low levels of effortful control (EC), and an attentional bias toward threat in children. A sample of 104 4th through 12th graders, selected from a larger screening sample because they reported high or low levels of trait NA and EC, completed a dot probe detection task. Results indicated that EC moderated the relation between NA and attentional bias; only children with low levels of EC and high levels of NA showed an attentional bias to threat stimuli. This pattern was not moderated by grade level or age.

Emergent Relations between Discriminative Stimuli,Responses, and Consequences in Intraverbals

The Psychological Record - We explored the emergence of relations between stimuli learned as discriminative, responses, and consequences with intraverbals. In Experiment 1, five 9- and 10-year-old...     

The Structural Aspects of Schizophrenic Responses to Auditory Stimuli

The function of reinforcement as a performance versus a learning variable was examined with the use of a number of varying imitation training conditions. Forty white and 40 black Ss were used. The analysis consisted of five 2 (Testing Situation) × 2 (White versus Black children) × 8 (Training Conditions) factorials with the use of an analysis of variance technique. The results question the hypothesis that reinforcement is only a performance variable. Partial support is provided for the assumption that imitative behavior may be maintained through similarity of responding where imitation has been acquired through a strong history of reinforcement for imitation. Few racial differences were discovered.     

正性情绪刺激效价强度的变化对外倾个体注意的调制作用

大量研究证明外倾性与正性情绪相关,且已有行为和fMRI研究表明外倾个体对正性刺激存在注意偏向。研究假设外倾个体对正性情绪刺激投入更多的注意资源,且注意程度受正性刺激效价强度变化的调制。实验采用内隐情绪任务和改进后的oddball的范式,利用ERP技术高度精确的时间分辨率,在一个较短的时间窗口内考察外倾被试在三种效价条件下（极端正性刺激,中等正性刺激,中性刺激）与注意相关的P2波幅是否两两差异显著。结果表明,外倾被试组在三种条件下P2波幅两两差异显著,且极端正性刺激诱发的P2波幅最大,中等正性刺激诱发的P2波幅次之,中性刺激诱发的P2波幅最小;非外倾被试组的P2波幅在三种情况下无显著差异。研究结果从ERP的角度证明了外倾被试对正性刺激存在注意偏向,且注意程度随正性刺激效价强度的变化而变化