性命双修:"仙佛圣凡同具同证"--陆西星、李西月三教思想探析

明清之际,道教内丹学相当兴盛,不仅传统丹道派别活跃,而且还出现了具有不同特点的丹道新派,内丹学成为这一时期道教理论的主流,林林总总的较为通俗化的内丹著述流传于社会.而且,其时的内丹著述融摄道儒释思想特别突出,从一个方面反映了长久以来道教"三教合一"思想的影响.陆西星、李西月的思想颇具代表性,他们分别提出了"仙佛圣凡同具同证","性命双修,此本成仙作佛为圣之大旨",竭力将三教思想相融合.     

浅论《性命圭旨》中的性命观

"性命"是中国传统哲学的一对基本范畴,是儒、释、道、三家都关注的重要问题,但各家对其的理解和解释却不尽相同.<性命主旨>通过三教合通来阐释道教内丹学,融合中国传统文化中儒、释、道三家性命学的精髓,力倡性命双修,坚持性功、命功并重亦即精、气、神兼炼的原则,反对孤修一物.道教内丹是从后天的神气入手,其目的是修先天的元神、元气,最后神气合炼,提炼出元神.正是在这层意义上,该书尤其重视修心,并认为儒、释、道三家得以融合的核心就是"心性".     

道教内丹学中的"性命先后"问题辨析

"性命先后"是道教内丹学中一个很重要的理论问题,本文从内丹学文献出发,梳理"先命后性"和"先性后命"在内丹学南北宋中的确切意义,并从理论上指明其中可蕴含的哲理意义,说明两者内在相通与辩证统一.     

刘一明论内丹修炼三原则

刘一明是清代有学有证的高道,也是内丹理论之集大成者.他提出了内丹修炼的三个原则,即在知行关系上"先穷性命之理,后了性命之功";在修行旨归及方向上"从后天入手,后天返先天";在修行内容及次第上"性命双修,先命后性".这三个原则是道教内丹学进一步体系化、成熟化的标志之一.     

浅论《性命圭旨》对《性命法诀明指》的影响

《性命圭旨》是明代以来较有影响的道教内丹典籍之一,被誉为内丹学集大成之作,著者和成书年代均不详。《性命法诀明指》为北京桃源观千峰派创始人赵避尘所著,一般认为成书于民国二十二年,是近代道教内丹重要著作。细读二书就会发现,此二书均以性命双修为圭旨,融儒、释、道三教内修要旨于一炉,博采众家之说。无论是从书名、结构到具体内容,无论是从功理还是功法上,二书都存在很多相同之处。显然,《性命法诀明指》一书直接或间接受到《性命圭旨》的较大影响。     

试析魏尧与赵避尘的内丹性命论

魏尧与赵避尘是民国时期有影响的内丹家。面对西方文化强势挑战,魏尧坚持以道融摄儒佛的传统,融合道儒佛三教性命思想来诠释内丹性命论,提出"先后天五行"性命论。而赵避尘除了坚持以道融摄儒佛的传统外,着重援引西方生理学、解剖学等来诠释内丹性命论,主张道教内丹学之精气神论是精气神生理学。但魏赵二人的内丹性命论实质上背离内丹学之性命思想。这对今日道教文化的现代阐释提供了有益的启示。     

杜光庭与钟吕内丹道

唐末五代“道门领袖”杜光庭提出过一些有关内丹修炼的理论,但与他同时代的钟离权和吕洞宾却建立了比较系统的内丹学理论体系。本文通过对杜光庭与钟吕内丹道的比较研究,以说明杜光庭对“性命双修”的强调,在某种意义上说,为内丹心性学在唐末五代的迅速发展,并在宋代以后成为道教思想与实践的主流奠定了基础。     

"地下海潮天上月"--略论《入药镜》一、二

道教的神仙信仰是其神学理论的核心,也是修道者不懈地进行宗教实践的动力。内丹修炼作为修道成仙的主要手段之一,在道教修行中占有极其重要的地位。从老子《道德经》的致虚守静、归根复命、返朴归真而达于道,庄子的纯素之道、坐忘心斋,到唐以后内丹家的性命双修,宋元时期提出“     

性功修炼之我见

性命原为先秦儒学的重要范畴。《易传》说:“穷理尽性,以至于命。”在这里“性”是指心理与精神方面的禀赋和个性;“命”指三命,即天的给予或决定。《太上老君内观经》解释说:“从道爱生谓之命,自一禀性谓之性”。意谓人从道,元气所禀的生命本元,谓之性命。性命双修,是内丹的根     

论金丹南宗的性命观

本文分析了“性命”、“神气”、“阴阳”、“先天后天”、“玄关一窍”、“心”、“药物火候”、“真形幻形”等概念术语,认为南宗基于这种性命观念,开创了“返本还元”的简易法门,从而与早期钟吕系内丹学区别开来,使内丹学发展达到一个新高度。     

易道辩正

易道是易学思想的精髓或内在精神,其最根本的特征是所谓的“一阴一阳之道”。作为易学结构基元的易卦卦象符号,与阴阳观念具有先天性的亲和力,从而使得阴阳观念有了一个可以符号化表征的形式系统。在汉代,阴阳五行与易学成为一个统一的有机整体。两汉的象数理论试图将易道(天道)完全形式化努力的最终结果是“入于礻几祥”,成为一套牵强附会的繁琐哲学。魏晋以后,诸如“时”、“中”一类具有明显的个人独知默会、参悟修证意义的命题,逐渐成为一阴一阳、生生不息的“易道”最为生动的表征。道之真谛,若以易理言之,就是“自强不息”,“与时偕行”。     

"全球伦理"与"文明的冲突"

自美国9.11恐怖袭击事件后,塞缪尔.亨廷顿关于“文明冲突”的理论引起人们高度兴趣。以宗教为核心的文明之间的冲突真的难以化解吗?汉斯.昆的“全球伦理”观点对此提出挑战。本文将浅析一下“全球伦理”,及其化解“文明冲突”的可能性。     

方术迷信的"灵验"揭秘

方术作为中华神秘文化的一个重要的组成部分,是一种既不同于宗教又与宗教有联系的企图借助于“鬼神”等神秘力量来消灾免祸、延年益寿、添财加福的可操作性的东西,如八卦术、算命术、风水术、占梦术、测字术、巫术等。 方术尽管是唯心的不可相信的东西,在历代也遭到了一些人的攻击和批判,然而为何屡不绝迹,有时甚至风靡一时、影响很大,即使在今天仍然有其市场呢?其中一个重要的原因在于一些人认为方术“灵验”。 方术“灵验”的原因是什么?到底是哪些因素     

"Psychotherapy" versus "treatment"

Presents a comment on "Psychological treatments" by D. H. Barlow. Barlow proposed that we distinguish between the terms "treatment" and "psychotherapy." The author believes that not only is the distinction unnecessary, but that its implications could have negative consequences for the field of clinical psychology. It is the proposed distinguishing feature that treatments are "specifically tailored to the pathological process that is causing the impairment and distress" that is most problematic. Clinical psychology does not need a distinction that further exacerbates the split between researchers and practitioners.     

"Enmeshment" and "Fusion"

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be "enmeshed" is also seen as "fused," and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the "system containing the individuals" (structural) or the "individual in the system" (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.     

“对的”与“好的”

什么是“对的”,和对它的证立,是道德哲学中具有争议性的核心问题,也是效用主义和道义论间的主要差异之所在。统合效用主义对于“好的就是对的”这个陈述有一套完整周延的说法。而道义论对这个问题的证立不够周延或没有足够的说服力。     

"本体论"与"伦理学"--形而上学的两个向度

形而上学有两个密切相关的内在向度,就是本体论向度与伦理学向度.在哲学史上,哲学家们之所以在"追求形而上学"的同时,又总是"反形而上学",并非是人们的形上本性出了问题,而是因为人们总是将形而上学视为单纯的"一维性",总是用一个向度来取代或遮蔽另一个向度.而所谓的"后形而上学思想",也并不是消解了形而上学,而是指形而上学从"本体论向度"转向了"伦理学向度".     

The development of children's understanding of "because" and "so"

Children's (5 years, 8 months to 8 years, 4 months) comprehension of "because" and "so" was assessed on both enactment and sentence completion tasks. The use of a within-subject design permitted performance on each task to be interpreted in terms of performance on the other. The pattern of results provided evidence against a componential model for the acquisition of causal connectives. This model holds that the two meaning components (cause, order) are acquired separately, with the order component being acquired several years later than the causal component. The results also were in accord with predictions derived from a contextual model of children's developing understanding of terms expressing logical relationships. This model posits that the understanding of relational terms is initially context dependent, such that children can understand relational terms when they express familiar relationships, but experience difficulty in forming representations of novel relationships solely on the basis of linguistic input. The lexical components of because and so are understood during the context-dependent stage, and the transition from context-dependent to context-independent understanding does not reflect further lexical development, but rather increasing facility in dealing with decontextualized linguistic input.     

Comparison of two theories of "ratio" and "difference" judgments

This article examines the hypothesis that judges compare stimuli by ratio and subtractive operations when instructed to judge" "ratios" and "differences." Rule and Curtis hold that magnitude estimations are a power function of subjective values, with an exponent between 1.1 and 2.1. Accordingly, the two-operation model tested assumes magnitude estimations of "ratios" are a comparable power function of subjective ratios. In contrast, Birnbaum and Veit theorize that judges compare two stimuli by subraction for both "ratio" and "difference" instructions and that magnitude estimations of "ratios" are approximately an exponential function of subjective differences. Three tests were used to compare the theory of one operation with the two-operation theory for the data of nine experiments. The results strongly favor the theory that observers use the same operation for both instructions.