A Cognitive-behavioral Approach to Reconstructing Intergenerational Family Schemas

This article suggests the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques, namely cognitive restructuring combined with family-of-origin sessions, for reconstructing intergenerational family schemas. A case example portrays the use of the techniques as an effective intervention for addressing ingrained schemas, such as in the case of spousal abuse.Portions of this article were drawn from a lecture provided to the University of London’s Institute of Psychiatry at the Maudsley Hospital, UK in August of 2005. The author wishes to acknowledge Mr. Eric Frey and Ms. Katherine Adams for their assistance with the literature search.     

Differences in factor content of rights and wrongs scores

The right-response scores and wrong-response scores of speeded aptitude tests were factor analyzed to determine whether they differ in factorial content. The information thus obtained was used to derive scoring formulas that yield purer measures of a factor than do scoring formulas derived in other ways.This paper is a revision of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree at the University of Southern California, 1948, and a paper read to the American Psychological Association in September, 1949. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. J. P. Guilford for providing the intercorrelation and distribution data from the files of the School of Aviation Medicine and for general guidance throughout the study. He also wishes to express his appreciation to T/Sgt. Frank C. Ivens and Sgt. James R. MacDonald for computational assistance in the extraction and rotation of the centroid factors, which were performed while the writer was a civilian employee of the Air Training Command, Human Resources Research Center. The opinions expressed are those of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the official views of the USAF.     

Variation of the standard error of measurement

As usually interpreted, the standard error of measurement is assumed to be constant throughout the test-score range. In this investigation the standard error of measurement was assumed to be not higher than a second-degree function of the test score. By conceiving a test score to be made up of the scores on two parallel tests, an equation was derived for predicting the standard error of measurement from the test score. In the derivation the corresponding first four moments of the score distributions for the parallel tests were assumed to be identical, and certain errors of estimate involved in predicting the second test score from the first were assumed to be uncorrelated with powers of the score on the first test. An empirical verification was carried out, using nine synthetic tests and a 1000-case sample, and showed good agreement between predicted and observed results. The findings indicated that the standard error of measurement was constant only for a symmetrical, mesokurtic distribution of scores.This study was carried out while the author was a National Research Council Predoctoral Fellow in psychology at Princeton University.The author wishes to express his appreciation for the guidance given by his thesis adviser, Professor Harold Gulliksen. He wishes also to acknowledge his gratitude to the Educational Testing Service for extensive assistance in the empirical phase of the study, and to Dr. Ledyard Tucker for suggesting efficient methods of handling special computational problems.     

Resolving therapeutic deadlocks using a contrived team conflict

The author describes a way that a therapy team can intervene to break through a therapeutic deadlock with highly resistant families, which involves the acting out by the team of a nodal family struggle. The pragmatics of using the technique will be discussed.The authoer wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Phil Kingston, Philippa Seligman and Bebe Speed-colleagues on his research team     

Gender-role adoption and sex as academic and psychological risk factors

Five hundred and ten first-year junior high school students were administered a battery of psychological tests. On the basis of their scores from two gender-role adoption measures, three smaller groups were extracted within each biological sex: masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated individuals. Feminine students reported a greater amount of discomfort (vulnerability). A battery of tests administered toward the end of that school year revealed that females attained greater neuroticism and alienation scores than did their male peers. Possible explanations for this pubescent self-report of maladjustment are the more masculine orientation of the junior high school in comparison to the elementary school and the menarche.The authors wish to thank Ms. S. Chesterman, Regional Director of the Montreal Catholic School Commission, and Mr. K. Quinn, Principal of Sir Wilfred Laurier Junior High School, for granting us permission to disrupt school activities in order to test their students. We also wish to acknowledge the assistance of the following members of Sir Wilfred Laurier: Mr. O. Hruby, Vice-Principal; Sr. G. Larocque, Vice-Principal; Mr. S. Radeschi, key teacher; and members of the administrative and teaching staff.     

Efficient estimation and local identification in latent class analysis

Estimators which are efficient in the sense of having minimum asymptotic variance are obtained for the structural parameters of Lazarsfeld's latent class model of latent structure analysis. Sufficient conditions for the local identification of the structural parameters are also presented. The writer wishes to acknowledge with appreciation the helpful advice of Professors Leonid Hurwicz and Jacob Bearman of the University of Minnesota. Dr. John Gurland of Iowa State College assisted the author in clarifying certain points in this article.     

Symbolic experiential journeys: An introduction

This introductory article describes the origins of this special issue on Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy. It goes on to elaborate the basic assumptions of Carl Whitaker's approach which emerge as unifying themes in the contributors' articles. It concludes with a tribute to Whitaker.The author wishes to acknowledge Linda Barth Garfield, MSS, and Ellen Berman, MD, for their helpful assistance and editorial comments in the development of this paper.     

Factor analysis and the index of clustering

The initial problem of factor analysis is described as a search for clustering of the test vectors. Curves are developed which give a visual picture of the clustering tendency, and an index of clustering is derived which provides a simple estimate for the number of factors.Based, in part, on a paper Matrix Approximation Criteria read at the District meeting of the Psychometric Society, Chicago, April 3, 1937. The author wishes to acknowledge suggestions gained in conversations with Dr. A. S. Householder and Mr. Clyde Coombs, of the University of Chicago.     

Latent partition analysis

Latent partition analysis has been formulated to study the relationships between two or more partitions of the same set of items. The major structural hypothesis is that a latent partition underlies the manifest partitions; that is, it is assumed that each item belongs to a latent category and that the manifest categories are derived by dividing and combining the latent categories. We have found that by examining manifest categories it is possible to reconstruct information about the latent partition and about its relation to the manifest partitions.The research reported herein was originally supported through the U. S. O. E. Cooperative Research Project 5-1005-2-12-1, directed by Donald M. Miller, at the Instructional Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin. Further work has been supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. GS-1025 at The University of Chicago. The author wishes to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Richard G. Wolfe in the final statement of the theory and the assistance of Robert M. Pruzek in certain early formulations.     

Support groups for medical caregivers of people with HIV diseases

As we enter the second decade of AIDS, medical caregivers are experiencing stress and burnout as a result of their work with people with HIV diseases. There are common themes to the stress, as well as differences in the experience of stress according to the characteristics of the healthcare setting. Caregiver support groups are a means of reducing this stress by helping medical caregivers cope better, manage difficult cases, normalize their feelings, put understanding and context to their experiences, decrease isolation, and instill meaning in their work. The use of support groups across various medical settings is presented.The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Nicholas Covino, Ph.D., Peter Kassel, Psy.D., Randall Paulsen, M.D., Veronica Rempusheski, Ph.D., Dan Silverman, M.D., and Susan Burns Tisdale, R.N., in ongoing research regarding caregiver support groups. The author also wishes to express gratitude to Genya Bernstein, Psy.D., for many editorial contributions.     

Estimation of the reliability of ratings

A procedure for estimating the reliability of sets of ratings, test scores, or other measures is described and illustrated. This procedure, based upon analysis of variance, may be applied both in the special case where a complete set of ratings from each ofk sources is available for each ofn subjects, and in the general case wherek ₁,k ₂, ...,k _n ratings are available for each of then subjects. It may be used to obtain either a unique estimate or a confidence interval for the reliability of either the component ratings or their averages. The relations of this procedure to others intended to serve the same purpose are considered algebraically and illustrated numerically.The writer wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments and suggestions of Professors E. E. Cureton, Harold Gulliksen, and E. F. Lindquist.     

The factor structure of ADHD items in DSM-III-R: Internal consistency and external validation

Previous research employing factor-analytic procedures to study the underlying dimensions of DSM-III attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) symptoms have consistently supported a two-factor model. Revision of the structure of the ADHD diagnosis in DSM-HI-R, as well as inclusion of new items, has raised the question of comparability of the two diagnoses. To explore the significance of these changes, teacher ratings of DSM-III ADDH items and DSM-III-R ADHD items of 85 nonreferred school children were factor-analyzed to determine their underlying factor structures. A similar two-factor solution was obtained for each diagnostic scale. The factors consisted of items believed to reflect inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity constructs. These factors were further evaluated against results of a cognitive test battery to ascertain whether objective, external validation could be demonstrated. The hyperactivity-impulsivity factor scores were related to continuous performance test measures of response inhibition, while inattention-disorganization factor scores were related to measures of attention and visual search. Implications for assessment and diagnosis of ADHD are discussed.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Sister Hildegarde Koger, the St. Francis de Sales School, and the parents and children who participated in this study.     

Note on the selection of a panel of judges so as to maximize panel efficiency

Attempts to develop improved methods of selecting a panel of judges for psychometric work are presented. The applications reported are in the sensory field and are limited to the assumption of a unidimensional ability underlying the judgments in question. Some aspects of cost efficiency are also considered.The writers wish to acknowledge the value of a discussion with Dr. Harold Gulliksen of Princeton University and the Educational Testing Service, Princeton; Dr. Frederic Lord, also of the Educational Testing Service, contributed some valuable criticisms. The writers' thanks are also due Mr. George Bosy, at the Research Laboratories, Kraft Foods Company, where the senior author is currently employed.     

An analysis of learning data which distinguishes between initial preference and learning ability

Several sets of learning data furnished by I. Krechevsky have been analyzed in terms of meaningful parameters of the learning curve, and the changes in the frequency distributions of these parameters with changes in the experimental conditions have been studied. One of the parameters represents the animal's initial preference for the light or dark, the other represents learning ability. The analysis shows that destruction of about ten or fifteen per cent. of the cortex, increases the animal's preference for the light and decreases the learning ability slightly. By ordinary methods of analysis, it is not possible to discover thatboth initial preference and learning ability have been changed by any given factor.The author wishes to acknowledge financial assistance from the Social Science Research Committee of the University of Chicago in the completion of this study.     

Predicted differences and differences between predictions

WhenK tests are given toN individuals, and for each individual there are two criterion measures, then (1) the multiple regression weight to be applied to the standard score for each test to predict the criterion-difference score equals the difference of the weights for predicting each criterion separately; (2) the difference between the predicted scores equals the predicted difference (each test being assigned the appropriate multiple regression weight); (3) the square of the multiple correlation between predicted and actual criterion-difference scores equals the sum of squares of the multiple correlations of the battery with each criterion less the product of these correlations and the correlation between predicted scores all divided by twice the quantity one minus the criterion intercorrelation; and (4) the variance of errors of estimating the criterion-difference score equals the sum of the variances of errors of estimating each criterion score minus twice the criterion intercorrelation, plus twice the correlation between predicted scores multiplied by the product of the square root of one minus the variance of errors of estimating one criterion and the corresponding square root for the second criterion.The author wishes to express his appreciation for the suggestions and guidance given by Dr. Harold Gulliksen in the preparation of this article. He also wishes to acknowledge the helpful comments of Dr. Paul Horst and Dr. Ledyard Tucker on certain phases of the development.     

Dimensions of problem behavior in deaf children

The Behavior Problem Checklist was completed by the teachers of 192 deaf students who attended a special day school for the deaf. Three separate factor analyses were performed. Four factors that correspond to the dimensions found in earlier research and previously labeled conduct disorder, personality problems, immaturity inadequacy, and socialized delinquency were found. An additional factor labeled passive inferiority was also extracted.We wish to acknowledge the cooperation of Mr. Richard Dirst and his excellent faculty at the Atlanta Area School for the Deaf.     

Effect of group heterogeneity on item parameters

Most indexes of item validity and difficulty vary systematically with changes in the mean and variance of the group. Formulas are presented showing how certain item parameters will vary with these alterations in group mean and variance. Item parameters are also suggested which should remain invariant under such changes. These parameters are developed under two different assumptions: first, the assumption that thetotal distribution of the item ability variable is normal, and, second, that the distribution of the item ability variablefor each array of the explicit selection variable is normal. The writer wishes to acknowledge helpful discussions of this paper with Paul Horst and Herbert S. Sichel who have worked on various aspects of the problem of invariant item parameters.     

The shattered mirror: Treatment of a group of narcissistic patients

Increasingly, group psychotherapy takes its place as a valid treatment model for patients with severe character pathology. This paper explores the impact of group treatment on a homogeneous group of patients with narcissistic character problems. The clinical example serves to illustrate the particular dynamics of this patient population; addresses the challenges inherent in treating these patients in a homogeneous, long-term therapy group; and, finally, underscores the countertransference pitfalls in such a clinical situation. Nonetheless, the successful working through of some of these patients' terrifying pathology supports the important of continuing experience and research into this arena.The author wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the invaluable assistance of J. Scott Rutan, Ph.D., in the planning and preparation of this clinical report.     

Sex-role attitudes as predictors of contraceptive use among unmarried university students

Through a review of existing theory and research a set of propositions explaining contraceptive behavior among unmarried young women was developed. The paper tests the propositions with survey research data drawn from a stratified random sample of male and female students at a large Midwestern university. Findings suggest that nontraditional sex-role-related attitudes in conjunction with an internal locus of control orientation are predictive of effective contraception for women respondents. Neither variable alone or jointly explained contraceptive behavior of men respondents.Revised version of a paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Family Relations, Salt Lake City, August 20–23, 1975. The research upon which this paper is based was performed pursuant to National Institute of Mental Health Grant No. RO3 MH26526-01. The author wishes to acknowledge the Bowling Green State University Faculty Research Committee and the Department of Sociology for their assistance in the early stages of this study.     

A factorial study of fluency in writing

A factorial study of fluency was undertaken to test an hypothesis that at least two fluency abilities would be measured by a battery composed both of word fluency tests used by Thurstone and tests of fluency described by several British investigators. Twenty-eight tests, including ten reference tests for five primary mental abilities, were administered to 181 high-school seniors. Ten centroid factors were extracted, a simple structure was found, and eight factors were interpreted. Five factors defined were the following reference abilities: memory (M), number (N), reasoning (R), verbal comprehension (V), and perceptual speed (P), the last one being somewhat tentatively identified. The main finding is the analysis of fluency into two factors: word fluency (W) and ideational fluency (F). Word fluency is defined as a facility in producing single, isolated words that contain one or more formal restrictions, without reference to the meaning of the words. Ideational fluency is described as a facility in expressing ideas by the use of words and their meanings. Another verbal ability indicated is tentatively interpreted as verbal versatility, the ability to express essentially the same idea by means of several different words or combinations of words.The writer wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. L. L. Thurstone for his guidance throughout the study and for providing facilities and materials needed; to Miss Jessie LaSalle and the Washington, D. C., high schools for providing the subjects; to Ledyard Tucker, Frank Medland, and Mrs. Virginia Brown for computational assistance; and to others who gave aid during the study.