端粒,端粒酶：人类长寿及肿瘤治疗的新策略

端粒是真核生物染色体末端由许多简单重复序列和相关蛋白质组成的复合结构,具有维持染色体结构的完整性及解决末端复制难题的作用,端业酶是一种逆转录酶,由ＲＮＡ和蛋白质组成,它以自身ＲＮＡ为模块,合成端粒重复序列,加至新合成ＤＮＡ链末端,端粒及闰酶在细胞衰老及肿瘤形成过程中起重要作用,针对端粒栈瓣肿瘤治疗有可能成为肿瘤治疗新途径。     

从核酶的发现到应用看人类对自然的认识过程

从核酶的发现到应用看人类对自然的认识过程第一军医大学（５１０５１５）周辰一、ＲＮＡ酶学功能的阐明过程及核酶的概念具有催化功能的ＲＮＡ（ＣａｔａｌｖｔｉｃＲＮＡ）最初是由Ｃｅｃｈ领导的研究小组发现的。它们在研究四膜虫核糖体ＲＮＡ前体的成熟过程中发现,在...     

从蛋白质相互作用研究方法的发展看人们认识事物的过程

1　酶联免疫吸附检测法最简单的研究两蛋白质相互作用的是 ,在体外验证两蛋白质的相互作用 ,如验证所制备的抗体是否特异性地与抗原结合 ,这里要求方法 :一要能检测到结合作用 ,二要排除非特异性结合 ,这样人们就建立了酶联免疫吸附检测法 (ＥＬＩＳＡ)。原理是 ,将已知抗原固定在 96孔塑料板上 ,用不同稀释度的抗抗原的第一抗体溶液与其结合 ,经洗涤去除非特异性结合分子后 ,加入用辣根过氧化物酶标记的抗第一抗体的第二抗体 ,洗涤后再加入辣根过氧化物酶的底物 ,底物被酶作用后就转变为有颜色的物质。这样只有在第一抗体与抗原结合了之后…     

是RNA创建了生物界

本文首先重提复制原理,其次又归纳了其构筑单体须经选择的聚合物制造法则,从而能证明是ＲＮＡ有创建生物界的能力。本文后半部分列出了ＲＮＡ创建历程的纲要：生物诞生、各种ＲＮＡ入股自复制集团、基因组形成并取得信息独立地位、双链ＤＮＡ成为基因组存在的绝对优势形式、程序性调控周期形成的必然性     

肿瘤基因治疗的核酶策略

核酶是一类具有酶活性的ＲＮＡ分子可序列特异性定点切割靶ＲＮＡ。与目前所用反义ＲＮＡ比较,具有封闭和切割双重作用的特点,从而在分子水平和细胞水平真正实现了对失控基因有害基因表达的有效阻断。     

RNA干预-免疫学研究的新领域

谈到免疫 ,只是指动物体内存在的一个防御系统 ,那么植物是否具有对抗病原微生物的能力 ?人们一直对此并不太清楚 ,直到最近几年人们才发现 ,植物细胞可以通过降解病毒ＲＮＡ的方式来对抗病毒的入侵 ,称为ＲＮＡ干预 (ＲＮＡｉ) ,并且发现在真菌和动物体内都存在这种机制。既然这种ＲＮＡ干预与机体对抗病原微生物有关 ,它与我们已知的免疫系统有什么关系 ?它的应用前景如何 ?1　ＲＮＡ干预的发现十多年前 ,Ｊｏｒｇｅｎｓｅｎ和他的同事们试图加深矮牵牛花的紫色 ,就将一个强启动子控制下的色素基因转入 ,但结果非常惊奇 ,许多花并不是紫色…     

RNA生命起源学说的佐证与思考

ＤＮＡ、ＲＮＡ和蛋白质是组成生物体的重要的生物大分子，但关于何者是生命的起源，至今众说纷纭。近来的研究表明，ＲＮＡ可能是生命的起源。本文简述了有关此学说的一些主要证据，并就其中的一些问题进行了讨论。     

天然自身抗体研究中的辩证思想

根据Ｂｕｒｎｅｔ的“克隆选择学说”(ｃｌｏｎａｌｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｏｒｙ) ,具有自身反应性的淋巴细胞克隆在胚胎发育过程中被清除 ,正常机体内不存在针对自身抗原成分的自身抗体 ;而体内一旦出现自身抗体 ,将导致自身免疫性疾病的发生。因此 ,自身抗体是病理性的 ,是“可怕的自身毒素 (ｈｏｒｒｏｒａｕｔｏｔｏｘｉｃｕｓ)”。但是目前大量的资料表明 ,正常健康个体的血清内确实广泛存在针对自身抗原成分的免疫球蛋白[1,2 ] ,即天然自身抗体 (ｎａｔｕｒａｌａｕｔｏａｎｔｉｂｏｄｙ ,ＮＡＡ) ;而且 ,ＮＡＡ种类繁多 ,甚至免疫…     

免疫生态系统观

免疫生态系统观苏州医学院附属一院（２１５００６）张菊珍,顾国浩一、免疫生态系统是一个由多个子系统构成的有机整体免疫生态系统是一个非常复杂的系统,它可由以下子系统组成：１．免疫细胞各子系统：①抗原提呈细胞子系统（ＡＰＣ系统）,由朗罕氏细胞（Ｌｃ）,树突...     

阿尔茨海默病的免疫学治疗研究进展

1　阿尔茨海默病 (Ａｌｚｈｅｉｍｅｒ’ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ ,ＡＤ)免疫学治疗的机制应用免疫学方法阻断老年斑 (ＳＰ)的形成、清除已形成的ＳＰ的机制可能是多方面的。首先 ,Ａβ抗体进入脑后与Ａβ - 4 2形成稳定的复合物 ,阻止Ａβ- 4 2之间相互粘附形成沉积[1] 。其次 ,Ａβ抗体与Ａβ - 4 2结合后 ,阻止Ａβ - 4 2由可溶的α螺旋结构向具有毒性的β片层结构转化 ,进而减少Ａβ - 4 2对神经细胞的毒害作用[1] 。其三 ,Ａβ - 4 2抗原抗体复合物可激活补体系统对生成Ａβ的神经胶质细胞进行杀伤 ,从而阻断Ａβ - 4 2的生成[1] 。其四 ,Ａβ…     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.