探索性因素分析、目标旋转与因素结构的一致性

在因素结构水平上评估跨群体的一致性是在心理学研究中常常遇见的一个问题,对此问题的解答,可以选择探索性因素分析→目标旋转→一致性评估这一途径。本文首先介绍正交目标旋转的简单原理,然后介绍其在心理研究中的应用以及相关软件和程序。目标旋转之后,结构一致性的量化可以采用一致性系数等指标,这些指标可采用一定的实证分布、近似处理或经验标准进行统计检验。之后采用一项实证数据,演示探索性因素分析、目标旋转以及结构一致性的评估方法。     

Bootstrap探索性因素分析方法及其应用

传统的探索性因素分析方法需要满足正态分布等前提假设,且无法提供研究结果可重复性的证据.而Bootstrap探索性因素分析方法不必满足正态分布的前提假设,利用已有的测试数据,以评估探索性因素分析的可靠性.Bootstrap探索性因素分析方法作为传统的探索性因素分析方法的有力补充,克服了其未提供研究结果可重复性的不足,为心理学研究者特别是量表编制者提升研究结果的社会应用价值及可靠性提供了统计方法学上的支持.     

探索性因素分析在测验编制中局限性的模拟实验

本文主要用模拟研究的方法,通过生成拟合优度验证性因素分析的数据,来考察探索性因素分析在测验编制中的局限性。结果表明探索性因素分析作为纯数据基础上的一种统计方法,在因素问相关程度较大时．得到与理论假设不一致的结论。本文还就测验中会聚效度的一些限制作了初步探讨,结合具体情况介绍了中等相关限定条件的实质。     

用验证性因素分析法对控制源量表的分析研究

验证性因素分析方法克服了传统的探索性因素分析的不足,为心理学发展和研究的精细化、数学化提供了更可行的途径。本研究运用验证性因素分析方法对心理控制源量表进行了分析研究,研究发现L1SREL软件对SPSS不能分析出来的因素可以进一步地给予精确数据。     

当前俄罗斯维果茨基心理学思想研究的现状

当前俄罗斯维果茨基心理学思想研究的现状表现为：(1)对维果茨基心理学遗产的整理出版及其现代意义的研究;(2)维果茨基心理学思想发展阶段与维果茨基概念的逻辑结构研究;(3)对维果茨基心理学思想的发展;(4)俄罗斯心理学界对维果茨基及化历史心理学的批评。作认为,在当前俄罗斯对维果茨基的研究远不及西方“维果茨基热”有其重要的原因：当前俄罗斯的社会现实因素;西方维果茨基热是由于西方心理学自身的缺陷;与现代西方心理学的化转向有关。     

有关进化心理学局限性的理论思考

进化心理学是现代西方心理学的新取向之一。这一新取向吸引了众多的追随者,但是它自身的核心假设、方法论和认识论方面却存在着局限性。文章从三个方面分析了这种局限性：第一,进化心理学的核心假设是心理的模块性观点。依据这种观点,心灵由大量功能各异的心理模块组成,但是来自于心理学和生物学的研究都表明这种观点是缺乏科学依据的。第二,进化心理学从过去的角度理解现在,所依据的事实大多是推测性的,更多的是一种历史叙事,从方法论的角度来说,这种研究不具备可证伪性,不符合科学方法论的基本原则。第三,在认识论方面,进化心理学继承了社会生物学的传统,有意或无意地夸大了基因的作用,贬低了个体发展过程中其它因素,现代生命科学的研究已经证明了基因决定论的虚假性     

进化心理学与生态心理学的整合：理解适宜可用性

进化心理学源自达尔文进化论,以分析心理机能及起源为主要研究目的。同样,生态心理学在Brunswik(1956)和Gibson(1979)开创引领下,探讨了有机体的知觉、判断、行为等因素在环境适应中的作用。尽管进化心理学和生态心理学都具有生物机能主义倾向,但过去研究较少探讨二者联系。该文引入适宜可用性观点来整合进化心理学和生态心理学的理论与实证研究。适宜可用性的观点认为,生存与繁衍问题中的代价与利益分析有助于特定种群的动物采取趋近或回避行为来保证潜在适宜性。适宜可用性的观点源自进化生物学中的知觉理论,它解决了认识论中许多传统问题,也整合了进化心理学和生态心理学的实验研究成果。适宜可用性的观点为新世纪的感觉、知觉、认知、情绪和决策的研究提供了新的理论基础     

从因素分析的方法论谈因素分析的性质

本文为庆贺陈立教授诞辰90周年而作,归纳分析了他在不同时期有关因素分析性质的一些研究与论述:(1)因素分析理论的实质;(2)因素组成随年龄而变化;(3)因素结构具有阶层性;(4)因素分析的局限性及其相应对策。作者认为,这些论述是陈立教授对他的业师首创的因素分析理论的系统总结和独特发展;学习与运用这些思想,有助于我国心理学工作者正确使用因素分析方法,发挥它在科研中的导向作用。陈立教授早年受业于英国心理学家斯皮尔曼(C.E.spearman,1863-1945),他在运用因素分析方法进行科学研究的长期实践中,以辨证发展的观点,揭示了因素分析理论的实质;在批评“分类僵化”错误中,发现了因素组成随年龄而变化的规律,论证了因素的阶层组织的合理性,指出了因素分析方法的局限性并提出了相应对策等等。     

目标定向与适应:社会自我效能感的中介作用

通过对176名大学新生3个月的纵向研究,采用探索性因素分析、信度分析和回归分析等方法对目标定向与适应的关系以及社会自我效能感在其中的中介作用进行了深入研究。结果表明,(1)学习目标定向能够有效地预测个体的学业适应、社会适应和心理适应;而成绩目标定向对三类适应都无显著性影响;(2)社会自我效能感在学习目标定向与社会适应、心理适应之间具有完全中介效应,而对学习目标定向与学业适应之间没有中介作用;(3)社会自我效能感对学业适应无显著性影响。     

王充心理学思想新论——兼议中国古代心理学思想史研究方法

本文试图寻求一种新的研究模式,来探索王充的心理学思想。这个模式主要包括两个方法论原则,即:(一)置于思想群系的原则;(二)依据自身逻辑的原则。在这一研究模式引导下,作者发现“唯实唯验”是王充心理学思想的基点。并由此推论出(一)王充心理学思想的本质是“心理即力”;(二)其特征是“心理外显”,而这两者是分别体现在他的人论和心论的思想之中。     

Factor analysis and scale revision

This article reviews methodological issues that arise in the application of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to scale revision and refinement. The authors begin by discussing how the appropriate use of EFA in scale revision is influenced by both the hierarchical nature of psychological constructs and the motivations underlying the revision. Then they specifically address (a) important issues that arise prior to data collection (e.g., selecting an appropriate sample), (b) technical aspects of factor analysis (e.g., determining the number of factors to retain), and (c) procedures used to evaluate the outcome of the scale revision (e.g., determining whether the new measure functions equivalently for different populations).     

Evaluating Exploratory Factor Analysis Which Initial-Extraction Techniques Provide the Best Factor Fidelity?

Attacks by communication scholars on exploratory factor analysis (EFA) have cast doubt on prior findings based on the technique. The present study is one in a series of studies performed to test the ability of EFA to produce results that replicate known dimensions in a data set. It was designed to determine which of 7 initial extraction techniques produce the highest factor fidelity across 5 item distribution shapes and 3 sample sizes. Monte-Carlo-created data sets with known factors, known item distribution shapes, and a 30% error rate were submitted to EFA. Results from an analysis of variance (ANOH) indicate that image analysis reaches perfect factor fidelity with a smaller number of cases regardless of item distribution shape. This and other results reported in this study suggest that3ndings based on EFA should be viewed with cautious optimism and be evaluated according to the findings from this and similar studies.     

ADHD and college students: exploratory and confirmatory factor structures with student and parent data

Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were used to investigate the structure of the Student Report Inventory (SRI) and Parent Report Inventory (PRI) of the College Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Response Evaluation. The sample was composed of 1,080 college students and their parents and was stratified by ethnicity, gender, ability level, age, grade, region of residence, and psychoeducational classification status. Results varied according to the information source (self-report vs. parent). EFA uncovered and CFA confirmed 3 distinct and reliable dimensions for student reports: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity. By contrast, EFA and CFA uncovered a reliable 2-dimension structure for the parent-report data. Factor structures replicated across genders (3 factors for the SRI, and 2 factors for the PRI). Results are discussed in terms of the divergence of structures.     

Psychometric Evaluation of the Factor Structure of the Teasing Questionnaire – Revised (TQ-R)

Recent literature has focused on the relation between childhood teasing and adulthood psychopathology, with the majority of this work dependent on a single measure, the Teasing Questionnaire-Revised (TQ-R; Storch et al. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 18:681–694, 2004). However, the factor structure and reliability of the TQ-R requires further examination. The present investigation reevaluated the factor structure of the TQ-R in two large samples. In Study 1, three previous factor models were investigated through confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) in a large clinical sample. Due to their poor fit, exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were used to investigate alternative factor models. In Study 2, the factor structure of the previous models and new models from Study 1 EFAs were investigated through CFAs and estimates of internal consistency in a large college sample. Together, these findings provided the most support for a new 21-item five factor model, identified in the Study 1 EFAs and supported by the Study 2 CFAs, with the content of the teasing subscales consistent with the constructs of anxiety, appearance, academics, weight, and height.     

Recovering Substantive Factor Loadings in the Presence of Acquiescence Bias: A Comparison of Three Approaches

Researchers are often advised to write balanced scales (containing an equal number of positively and negatively worded items) when measuring psychological attributes. This practice is recommended to control for acquiescence bias (ACQ). However, little advice has been given on what to do with such data if the researcher subsequently wants to evaluate a 1-factor model for the scale. This article compares 3 approaches for dealing with the presence of ACQ bias, which make different assumptions: an ipsatization approach based on the work of Chan and Bentler (CB; 1993), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach that includes an ACQ factor with equal loadings (Billiet & McClendon, 2000; Mirowsky & Ross, 1991), and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) approach with a target rotation (Ferrando, Lorenzo-Seva, & Chico, 2003). We also examine the “do nothing” approach which fits the 1-factor model to the data ignoring the presence of ACQ bias. Our main findings are that the CFA method performs best overall and that it is robust to the violation of its assumptions, the EFA and the CB approaches work well when their assumptions are strictly met, and the “do nothing” approach can be surprisingly robust when the ACQ factor is not very strong.     

Psychometric and structural analysis of the MMPI-2 Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) facet subscales

The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) is a model of personality psychopathology assessed in adult populations with a set of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scales. The authors examine the reliability and validity of recently developed lower-order facet subscales for each of these five domains, with an emphasis on structural invariance, using both confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA). MMPI-2 protocols completed by psychiatric patients (N = 693) served as the data source. The reliability and discriminant validity of the subscales were mostly inadequate. Results from the CFAs reveal universally poor statistical fits. Subsequent EFAs extracted alternate latent structures, which also demonstrate mostly inadequate reliability and validity. Overall, results suggest that the item pool that forms the MMPI-2 PSY-5 domain scales may not be able to sustain meaningful facet subscales.     

Contesting orientations: Measure construction and the prediction of sportspersonship

ObjectiveThis three-study investigation was undertaken to develop, validate, and test the Contesting Orientations Scale (COS), a new measure designed to assess individuals' tendencies to use contest-is-partnership and contest-is-war conceptual metaphors (i.e., contesting orientations) when competing (Shields & Bredemeier, 2009, 2011a).DesignThe research design was correlational. Following preliminary item creation and expert review, survey based studies were conducted to develop theoretically-based, psychometrically sound scales measuring contesting orientations.MethodIn Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on a preliminary 39-item COS administered to a sample of high school athletes (N = 233). Study 2 used EFA to evaluate a revised 23- item COS with a second sample of high school athletes (N = 92) resulting in a final reduction of the measure to twelve items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was then conducted on this 12-item COS, which proved an excellent fit to the data. A new sample of college athletes (N = 238) allowed Study 3 to (a) further examine the factorial validity of the COS, including gender invariance testing, (b) assess the concurrent validity of the COS via its correlations with goal orientations, empathy, moral identity, and moral disengagement; and, (c) assess the COS's incremental predictive utility for investigations of sportspersonship.Results and conclusionResults from the sequence of studies demonstrate that the 12-item, two-scale COS has good psychometric properties as assessed through EFA and CFA, good concurrent validity, and adds significantly to existing measures in the prediction of sportspersonship.     

Race/ethnicity and the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale: a meta-analysis

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to examine racial/ethnic differences in the factor structure of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The total number of participants (N) in the assessed studies (k) varied according to whether the original study had used either Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA; N = 19,206, k = 13) or Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA; N = 65,554, k = 16). The factor structures of the CES-D were compared across five racial/ethnic groups: African Americans, American Indians, Asians, Whites, and Hispanics. Meta-analysis results suggest that the structure of the CES-D observed in EFAs varied substantially between racial/ethnic groups, whereas the CFA-assessed structure of the CES-D was mostly consistent between racial/ethnic groups. The meta-analysis of EFA studies did not consistently replicate the original four-factor structure reported by Radloff (1977), but the meta-analysis of CFA studies replicated the original four-factor structure in four of the five racial/ethnic groups. Overall, the present meta-analysis found strong evidence that the original four-factor structure may not be the best fit for all racial/ethnic groups. Thus, in clinical settings where the CES-D is used as a tool to screen for depression, clinicians and researchers should recognize the risk that symptoms of depression may be presented differently by members of different racial/ethnic groups.     

流调中心抑郁量表在老年人群中的因素结构

本研究使用4903名老年人组成的全国样本,系统地检验了流调中心抑郁量表的因素结构。结果表明,Radloff的四因素结构、Guarnaccia等和Yen等的三因素结构对当前样本数据的拟合较好,但信度分析和相关分析显示积极情绪因素降低了总量表信度,并且与其他因素之间不支持共同的高阶因素（抑郁）,基于此,在使用量表合成总分的背景下,4个积极情绪项目不适合包含在CES-D量表中。随后,本研究检验了剔除积极情绪项目后量表各因素结构的拟合情况,发现积极情绪因素对量表因素结构的拟合水平贡献不大。结合拟合指数和Radloff对量表的界定,16项目的三因素结构最适合于我国老年人群,并且,这一因素结构在老年人群中具有跨性别的恒等性。