Base word Frequency and Pseudohomophone Naming

The advantage of naming pseudohomophones over non-pseudohomophones has been interpreted as reflecting the contribution of whole-word lexical representations in phonological coding. A whole-word interpretation was further supported by Taft and Russell (1992), who reported a pseudohomophone frequency effect such that pseudohomophones were named faster if they corresponded to high- than to low-frequency base-words (e.g. poast vs. hoast ). Experiment 1 replicated this pseudohomophone frequency effect using the Taft and Russell items. Further analyses showed, however, that the pseudohomophones in Taft and Russell's high-frequency group were more orthographically similar to words than the pseudohomophones in the low-frequency group. These differences in orthography may have been the cause of the 'frequency' effects. In Experiment 2, a new set of high- and low-frequency pseudohomophones was constructed that were matched on orthographic factors (i.e. SPBF and N). With these items, a standard pseudohomophone advantage was found such that pseudohomophones were named faster and more accurately than non-pseudohomophones. However, in contrast to Taft and Russell's results, pseudohomophone naming was not related to base-word frequency. We conclude that the pseudohomophone advantage occurs at a postlexical stage in non-word naming.     

Bigram Frequency,Number of Syllables and Morphemes and Their Effects on Lexical Decision and Word Naming

There has been an increasing volume of evidence supporting the role of the syllable in word processing tasks. Recently it has also been shown that orthographic redundancy, related to the pattern of bigram frequencies, could not explain the syllable number effect on lexical decision times. This was demonstrated on a large sample of words taken from the British Lexicon Project. In this study we extend this research by examining both lexical decision and word naming times taken from the English Lexicon Project . There was a syllable number effect for both tasks in the expected direction, and this effect was independent of the presence of a bigram trough. The research also examined the role of other bigram related variables and the number of morphemes on lexical decision and word naming times. The number of morphemes had a significant effect on both word processing tasks, with words with more morphemes producing faster reaction times and also fewer errors. This pattern was reversed for nonword lexical decision times. The results are discussed in the light of recent developments in models of reading.     

词频对列表法定向遗忘的影响

词频是否影响列表法定向遗忘一直是记忆心理学研究的热点.本研究引入词频(高频词、低频词)变量,通过操作指示符(记住、遗忘)来考察内隐记忆测验中列表法定向遗忘效应,结果显示:(1)在低频词语中,内隐记忆测验出现了显著的列表法定向遗忘效应;(2)而在高频词语上,内隐记忆测验中却未出现列表法定向遗忘效应;(2)列表法定向遗忘影响内隐记忆测验的机制应该是提取抑制.     

Differential Effects of Number of Letters on Word and Nonword Naming Latency

The issue addressed in this study is whether there are differential effects of number of letters on word and nonword naming latency. Experiment 1 examined the effect of number of letters on latency for naming high-frequency words, low-frequency words, and nonwords. Number of letters affected latency for low-frequency words and nonwords but did not affect latency for high-frequency words. Number of letters was also negatively correlated with number of orthographic neighbours, number of friends, and average grapheme frequency. Number of letters continued to affect nonword naming latency, but not low-frequency word naming latency, after the effects of orthographic neighbourhood size, number of friends, and average grapheme frequency had been accounted for. Experiment 2 found that number of letters had no effect on the latency of delayed naming of the same words and nonwords. It is concluded that the effect of number of letters on nonword naming reflects a sequential, non-lexical reading mechanism.     

Effects of Grammatical Gender on Picture and Word Naming: Evidence from German

The present study investigated the effects of prior grammatical gender information (masculine, feminine, and neuter) provided by a minimal sentence context on both picture- and word-naming latencies. Named targets were nouns or pictures of concepts featuring unambiguous grammatical gender. Simple sentence fragments were presented auditorily prior to each picture or word target; the relation between these sentence primes and the word or picture target was either gender-congruent, gender-incongruent, or gender-neutral. Relative to the gender-neutral baseline, reliable facilitation and inhibition effects were both observed in the picture-naming task. By contrast, only inhibition effects were observed in the word-naming task. The results suggest that the processes of picture and word naming differ qualitatively when gender information is precued. The findings are discussed with respect to the distinction between postlexical and intralexical loci of the effects of gender context on word recognition and production.     

高低字频对汉字记忆中错误联接的影响

通过实验考察高低字频对汉字记忆中错误联接的影响.实验表明,汉字再认记忆中出现了频率的镜子效应,但在反应时间限制下,镜子效应中对学习词的正确再认率的差异消失.被试对低频联合诱字的错误再认率高于高频联合诱字.无论是高频字还是低频字,被试对联合诱字的反应时都长于对学习字和无关字的反应时.研究结果可用修正后的激活混淆来源理论(source of activation confusion,SAC)解释.     

词汇习得年龄和频率对词汇识别的影响

三个实验考察词汇习得年龄和频率在词汇识别中的作用。实验结果表明：词汇习得年龄是影响汉语双字词词汇识别的重要因素,表现为早期习得的词汇比晚期习得的词汇更具有加工的优势。词汇习得年龄和频率独立地影响汉语双字词的识别过程．它们之间的效应是一种相加的关系。本研究还对词汇习得年龄效应的机制进行了讨论。     

Lexical Retrieval Deficit in Picture Naming: Implications for Word Production Models

In models of word retrieval, it is common to differentiate lexical-semantic (word meaning) and lexical-phonological (word form) levels. There has been considerable interest in the relationship between these two levels. The so-called discrete two-stage model claims that phonological activation follows selection at the lexical-semantic level and is limited only to the selected item. In contrast, nondiscrete (interactive and cascade) models assume that all activated lexical-semantic candidates are also phonologically activated to some extent. We addressed this issue by studying an anomic patient who suffered from a partial functional disconnection between lexical-semantic and lexical-phonological levels. A multitarget repeated naming task with phonological training was employed. Systematic manipulation of semantic and phonological relatedness between the to-be-named items indicated that our patient's word error patterns were sensitive to both types of lexical relatedness. A delayed repetition task employing the same items failed to show similar effects, suggesting that they were specific to naming. The discrete two-stage model is unable to explain the observed effects of semantic and phonological relatedness. However, they are consistent with assumptions of nondiscrete models of lexical retrieval. In addition to the theoretical implications of this study, the observed effects of lexical context on word retrieval have implications for treatment of anomia.     

Naming Faces: The Effects of Facial Distinctiveness and Surname Frequency

The effects of the frequency of a surname in the population and of the distinctiveness of a face on the latency to name famous faces were explored. Distinctive faces were named more quickly than were typical faces. Celebrities with low-frequency surnames were named faster than celebrities with high-frequency surnames, but only if their faces were distinctive. Subsequent experiments showed that the effect of surname frequency could not be attributed to differences in the articulatory onsets of the surnames and was not present in a task that did not require a naming response. Experiments in which surnames were taught to previously unfamiliar faces showed that familiar surnames (e.g. the surnames of celebrities) were produced more rapidly than were unfamiliar surnames. If familiar surnames were taught, no effect of surname frequency was observed. It is concluded that lexical access to peoples' names is frequency sensitive—surnames shared by few individuals are accessed faster than are high-frequency surnames. However, when learning names to unfamiliar faces, familiar surnames (i.e. the surnames of people already known to the subject) are learned and accessed more quickly than unfamiliar surnames.     

词频对学习判断的影响

该研究通过自定步速的联结学习任务,考察在学习高频词对和低频词对时即时学习判断的绝对准确性,以及学习判断准确性与回忆成绩的相关。实验结果显示:(1)即时学习判断等级与回忆成绩存在显著差异,即时学习判断在预测回忆成绩时出现显著的高估;(2)词频对高估程度有显著影响,高频词对的高估程度大于低频词对;(3)不论是高频词对还是低频词对,学习判断准确性与回忆成绩都有高相关,验证了元记忆假设。     

汉语单字词的通达:词频和累计频率的作用

用字判断任务考察单字词的词频和累计频率(字频)的作用。实验一发现单字词有词频效应,词频和词素频率没有交互作用。实验二同时发现了累计频率和词频的作用。结果表明单字词的词素频率被部分累计,其词频和累计频率共同影响其加工,支持了汉语词汇加工的双频作用特点,也为匹配汉字频率提供了新的证据。     

Naming the Unnameable

An analogy is drawn between the naming of preverbal mental constellations and the intrusion on aboriginal fixed beliefs and rituals. In order to interpret the unnamed complexes, we must venture past many personal taboos and time our interventions, taking care to secure a workable alliance. A review of current practices in psychoanalysis shows many breaches in the older requirement of neutrality in the name of empathy, alliance, and intersubjectivity. Nonetheless the verbalization of unconscious patterned behaviors must be rendered in words and mentalized, if patients are to proceed in life with fewer restraints.

Naming the unconscious fantasies designates the patient's psychic reality. The factual basis of psychic reality as memories of the past remains uncertain.     

汉语阅读中词N+2的预视对高频词N+1加工影响的眼动研究

本研究采用边界范式,控制单字词N+1的预视加工负荷和词N+2首字的预视信息类型,探讨了汉语阅读中词N+2的预视对高频单字词N+1加工产生的影响。结果发现,当词N+1的预视为低加工负荷时,词N+2首字的预视对词N+1的加工产生了显著的影响;当词N+2首字的预视字与词N+1正字法相似,并且只呈现在副中央凹中时,显著的阻碍了词N+1随后的加工。结果表明,副中央凹中词N+2能够获得预视加工,可能获得正字法预视信息并对随后词N+1的加工产生了影响,并且这种影响受词N+1的预视加工负荷的调节。实验结果符合注意梯度指引模型的假设。     

声旁家族大小和高频同声旁字对汉字命名的影响

该研究探讨了声旁家族大小和高频同声旁字对汉字命名的影响。结果表明：1）声旁家族大起抑制作用,在不一致字上更明显;2）相对于高频同音邻近字,高频异音邻近字对低频字起抑制作用;3）汉字命名中字形相近字的作用点有两个,分别在字形表征水平和语音表征水平。     

汉语字词识别中词频和语义透明度的交互作用

该研究通过词汇判断作业考察了中文双字合成词的心理表征问题。目标刺激为高频透明、高频不透明、低频透明、低频不透明词各12个和48个假词,被试任务为即既又准的判断目标刺激是否是一个词。结果发现,高频词的词汇判断速度快于低频词,透明词的词汇判断速度快于不透明词,词频和语义透明度有显著的交互作用。透明度对低频词的识别所起的作用大于对高频词的识别所起的作用。     

Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart Pictures: Effects of Age of Acquisition, Frequency, and Name Agreement

Independent measures of age of acquisition (AoA), name agreement, and rated object familiarity were obtained from groups of British subjects for all items in the Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) picture set with single names. Word frequency measures, both written and spoken, were taken from the Celex database (Centre for Lexical Information, 1993). The line drawings were presented to a separate groupof participants in an object naming task, and vocal naming latencies were recorded. A subset of 195 items was selected for analysis after excluding items with, for example, low name agreement. The major determinants of picture naming speed were the frequency of the name, the interaction between AoA and frequency, and name agreement. (The main effect of the AoA of the name and the effect of the rated image agreement of the picture were also significant on one-tailed tests.) Spoken name frequency affects object naming times mainly for items with later-acquired names.     

Interference and Facilitation in Spoken Word Production: Effects of Morphologically and Semantically Related Context Stimuli on Picture Naming

We report two picture–word interference experiments investigating conceptual and lexical activation, and response selection, in speaking. We varied stimulus onset asynchrony to investigate potential fine-grained activation and competition effects. Morphologically related existing and pseudoword adjectives, as well as associatively related adjectives, served as context stimuli in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, we focused on semantic interference by using morphologically related and unrelated subordinates of the target concept as context stimuli. Morphologically complex pseudowords were also included as context stimuli. Pseudowords should not interfere, given that they have no lexical or conceptual representation. We consistently obtained facilitation with all morphologically related context stimuli, irrespective of their lexical status. We argue that effects originate at the word-form level, and discuss how our results may help decide among the many explanations of semantic interference in picture naming.     

词频、测验方式影响单字法定向遗忘的实验研究

单字法定向遗忘一直是记忆研究的热点.本文引入词频(高频词、低频词)和测验方式(内隐记忆测验、外显记忆测验)变量继续考察单字法定向遗忘,结果显示:(1)低频词语的内隐和外显记忆测验中都出现了显著的定向遗忘效应;(2)高频词语的外显记忆测验中出现了明显的定向遗忘效应,而在内隐记忆测验中却未发现定向遗忘效应;(3)单字法定向遗忘的机制是复述和提取抑制.