共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Jiaxiang Hu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(1):41-56
Mencius’ aesthetics unfolded around the ideal personality in his mind. Such an ideal personality belonged to a great man who
was sublime, practical and honorable, and it was presented as the beauty of magnificence or the beauty of masculinity. Mencius
put forward many propositions such as “the completed goodness that is brightly displayed is called greatness,” nourishing
“one’s grand qi 气 (the great morale personality),” “only after a man is a sage can he completely suits himself to his own form,” “the saints
only apprehended before me that of which my mind approves along with other men,” being “conscious of sincerity on self-examination,”
and flowing “abroad, above and beneath, like that of Heaven and Earth,” all of which described an ideal personality through
the course of its formation and its psychological experience. As a prominent school before the Qin dynasty, Mencius’ aesthetics
greatly developed the Confucian teaching of “internal sage.” It shared many similarities with Zhuangzi’s thought and was also
an aesthetic mode opposed to the latter. Both kinds of aesthetics were prominent: Mencius’ teaching was like imposingly towering
and muscularly overflowing majestic mountains; Zhuangzi’s thought was like gracefully flowing water with an air of femininity.
In real life though, Mencius’ teaching has greater practical significance in addressing the unbearable lightness of being,
a disease of modernity. 相似文献
2.
Testing Structural Models of DSM-IV Symptoms of Common Forms of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Lahey BB Rathouz PJ Van Hulle C Urbano RC Krueger RF Applegate B Garriock HA Chapman DA Waldman ID 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(2):187-206
Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) symptoms of common mental disorders derived from structured interviews of a representative sample
of 4,049 twin children and adolescents and their adult caretakers. A dimensional model based on the assignment of symptoms
to syndromes in DSM-IV fit better than alternative models, but some dimensions were highly correlated. Modest sex and age
differences in factor loadings and correlations were found that suggest that the dimensions of psychopathology are stable
across sex and age, but slightly more differentiated at older ages and in males. The dimensions of symptoms were found to
be hierarchically organized within higher-order “externalizing” and “internalizing” dimensions, which accounted for much of
their variance. Major depression and generalized anxiety disorder were substantially correlated with both the “externalizing”
dimension and the “internalizing” dimension, however, suggesting the need to reconceptualize the nature of these higher-order
dimensions. 相似文献
3.
Neuropsychological research in patients with affective disorders shows heterogeneous results with regard to the severity and
profile of cognitive impairments. In this paper we hypothesize that the investigation of clinical (subtypes, comorbidity,
traumatization, personality, severity, diurnal swings, course, duration, age of onset, biased processing, rumination, motivation,
experience of failure, sleep, suicidal tendencies, computer attitudes), demographic (age, education, gender) and neurobiological
factors (structural and functional brain changes, glucocorticoids, medication, ECT) that are related to cognitive performance
has specified the understanding of severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments. We reviewed the literature pertaining
to clinical, demographic and neurobiological factors following Pubmed and PsychInfo databases using different combinations
of general key-terms including “Affective Disorder,” “Depression,” “Mania,” “Neuropsychological,” “Neurobiological,” “Moderator,”
and “Review” as well as more specific demographic, clinical and neurobiological search terms. Findings from the literature
show that the consideration of these factors has improved knowledge about the severity of neuropsychological impairments in
patients with affective disorders whereas the neuropsychological profile is still poorly understood. Despite limited understanding,
however, the existent results provide promising suggestions for the development of treatment programs. 相似文献
4.
Meynen G 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2010,31(6):429-443
A link between mental disorder and freedom is clearly present in the introduction of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). It mentions “an important loss of freedom” as one of the possible defining features of mental disorder. Meanwhile,
it remains unclear how “an important loss of freedom” should be understood. In order to get a clearer view on the relationship
between mental disorder and (a loss of) freedom, in this article, I will explore the link between mental disorder and free
will. I examine two domains in which a connection between mental disorder and free will is present: the philosophy of free
will and forensic psychiatry. As it turns out, philosophers of free will frequently refer to mental disorders as conditions
that compromise free will and reduce moral responsibility. In addition, in forensic psychiatry, the rationale for the assessment
of criminal responsibility is often explained by referring to the fact that mental disorders can compromise free will. Yet,
in both domains, it remains unclear in what way free will is compromised by mental disorders. Based on the philosophical debate,
I discuss three senses of free will and explore their relevance to mental disorders. I conclude that in order to further clarify
the relationship between free will and mental disorder, the accounts of people who have actually experienced the impact of
a mental disorder should be included in future research. 相似文献
5.
Ernest W. Adams 《Synthese》2005,146(1-2):129-138
Syllogisms like Barbara, “If all S is M and all M is P, then all S is P”, are here analyzed not in terms of the truth of their categorical constituents, “all S is M”, etc., but rather in terms of the corresponding proportions, e.g., of Ss that are Ms. This allows us to consider the inferences’ approximate validity, and whether the fact that most Ss are Ms and most Ms are Ps guarantees that most Ss are Ps. It turns out that no standard syllogism is universally valid in this sense, but special ‘default rules’ govern approximate reasoning of this kind. Special attention is paid to
inferences involving existential propositions of the “Some S is M” form, where it is does not make sense to say “Almost some S is M”, but where it is important that in
everyday speech, “Some” does not mean “At least one”, but rather “A not insignificant number”. 相似文献
6.
John Lippitt 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2007,61(3):131-150
In this article, I offer a brief account of some of Kierkegaard’s key concerns about friendship: its “preferential” nature
and its being a form of self-love. Kierkegaard’s endorsement of the ancient idea of the friend as “second self” involves a
common but misguided assumption: that friendship depends largely upon likeness between friends. This focus obscures a vitally important element, highlighted by the so-called “drawing” view of friendship.
Once this is emphasized, we can see a significant aspect - though by no means all - of Kierkegaard’s worry as misplaced. However,
the “drawing” view also enables us to begin to see what a “Kierkegaardian” friendship might look like. 相似文献
7.
In this article I argue against Chad Hansen’s version of the “White Horse Dialogue” (Baimalun) of Gongsun Longzi as intelligible through writings of the later Moists. Hansen regards the Baimalun as an attempt to demonstrate how the compound baima, “white horse,” is correctly analyzed in one of the Moist ways of analyzing compound term semantics but not the other. I
present an alternative reading in which the Baimalun arguments point out, via reductio, the failure of either Moist analysis; in particular they point out how neither analysis accounts for ordinary, acceptable
inferences like “There is a white horse; therefore there is a horse.” At issue for Gongsun Longzi is a fundamental problem
with atomic terms: none of them seems capable of referring to a particular, “stand-alone” individual. 相似文献
8.
Richard Tieszen 《Axiomathes》2012,22(1):31-52
In 1928 Edmund Husserl wrote that “The ideal of the future is essentially that of phenomenologically based (“philosophical”)
sciences, in unitary relation to an absolute theory of monads” (“Phenomenology”, Encyclopedia Britannica draft) There are references to phenomenological monadology in various writings of Husserl. Kurt G?del began to study Husserl’s
work in 1959. On the basis of his later discussions with G?del, Hao Wang tells us that “G?del’s own main aim in philosophy
was to develop metaphysics—specifically, something like the monadology of Leibniz transformed into exact theory—with the help
of phenomenology.” (A Logical Journey: From G?del to Philosophy, p. 166) In the Cartesian Meditations and other works Husserl identifies ‘monads’ (in his sense) with ‘transcendental egos in their full concreteness’. In this
paper I explore some prospects for a G?delian monadology that result from this identification, with reference to texts of
G?del and to aspects of Leibniz’s original monadology. 相似文献
9.
In this paper I argue that there are in fact external relations in Russell’s sense. The level at which we are forced to acknowledge
them is, however, not the level of relations between concrete individual objects. All relations of this kind, which I will
call “inter-individual” relations, can be construed as supervenient on the monadic properties of their terms. But if we pursue
our ontological analysis a little bit deeper and consider the internal structure of a concrete individual, then we will inevitably
find irreducible external relations. I mean for example the relation of instantiation (in the frame of a realist’s theory)
or that of concurrence (in the frame of a trope theory). I will show that such “intra-individual” relations – the relations
that make up the internal structure of a concrete individual out of more primitive metaphysical “building blocks” like universals
or tropes – could not (even in principle) be construed as supervenient.
I should like to thank David Frost for brushing up my English and the Austrian Foundation for the Promotion of Scientific Research (FWF) for the financial support. 相似文献
10.
In Dutch noun phrases like “het boek” (the book) or “de kat” (the cat), the definite article (het or de) depends on the noun's grammatical gender (neuter or non-neuter). Schriefers reported that the production of a noun phrase
like “het rode bed” (“the red bed”) in response to a colored picture takes less time when the picture is accompanied by a distractor word of
congruent gender (e.g., “huis,” a het-word) than when it is accompanied by a word of incongruent gender (e.g., “hand,” a de-word). In three experiments we explored the characteristics of this gender-congruency effect. The following conclusions were
reached. First, the gender-congruency effect is a rather robust phenomenon. Second, with the exception of a small effect in
Exp. 2, no evidence was obtained for a gender-congruency effect when subjects were required to produce a single noun in response
to a picture (e.g., “bed”). Third, the gender-congruency effect decreases with a decreasing familiarity of the distractor word. Implications for models
of word production are discussed.
Received: 20 May 1997 / Accepted: 25 September 1997 相似文献
11.
Carl Erik Kühl 《Axiomathes》2008,18(3):303-338
This paper presents a typology of human actions, based on Aristotle’s kinesis–energeia dichotomy and on a formal elaboration
(with some refinement) of the Vendler–Kenny classificatory schemes for action types (or action verbs). The types introduced
are defined throughout by inferential criteria, in terms of what here are referred to as “modal-temporal expressions” (‘MT-terms’).
Examples of familiar categories analysed in this way are production and maintenance, but the procedure is meant to offer a
basis for defining various other commonsense categories. Among the more theoretical categories introduced are “Aristotelian
projects”, i.e. actions defined in terms of Aristotle’s conceptions of movement/change, as well as “abstract projects”, in
which the agent ensures that something changes from not being a fact to being a fact, and “conditional agency”, which involves
actions that are to be performed when/if certain conditions come to be fulfilled. A category like “starting an action” is
itself inferentially defined here in MT-terms, and so, inter alia, are proceeding with, finishing, stopping and interrupting an action. There is also a demonstration of how actions of one
type may be converted into those of other types, where this is a matter of the way they are “seen” or described. There is
also an implication to the effect that some of these distinctions may be useful for formulating certain critical insights
regarding modern life.
相似文献
Carl Erik KühlEmail: |
12.
Diego Marconi 《Erkenntnis》2006,65(3):301-318
The claim that truth is mind dependent has some initial plausibility only if truth bearers are taken to be mind dependent
entities such as beliefs or statements. Even on that assumption, however, the claim is not uncontroversial. If it is spelled
out as the thesis that “in a world devoid of mind nothing would be true”, then everything depends on how the phrase ‘true
in world w’ is interpreted. If ‘A is true in w’ is interpreted as ‘A is true of
w’ (i.e. ‘w satisfies A’s truth conditions’, the claim need not be true. If on the other hand it is interpreted as ‘A is true of w
and exists in w’ then the claim is trivially true, though devoid of any antirealistic efficacy. Philosophers like Heidegger and Rorty, who
hold that truth is mind dependent but reality is not, must regard such principles as “A if and only if it is true that A”
as only contingently true, which may be a good reason to reject the mind dependence of truth anyway. 相似文献
13.
Alberto Voltolini 《Synthese》2006,153(1):23-47
In this paper, I want to deal with the problem of how to find an adequate context of interpretation for indexical sentences
that enables one to account for the intuitive truth-conditional content which some apparently puzzling indexical sentences
like “I am not here now” as well as other such sentences contextually have. In this respect, I will pursue a fictionalist line. This line allows for shifts in interpretation contexts and urges that such shifts are governed by pretense, which has
to be understood in terms of socially shared make-believe games. By appealing to pretense so conceived, I will show that the
fictionalist perspective is halfway between an intentionalist perspective, according to which the above indexical sentences
have to be interpreted in a shifted intended context, (this perspective is primarily defined by Predelli 1998, Analysis
58, 107; Mind and Language
13, 400) and a conventionalist perspective, according to which indexical reference shifts in accordance with a conventional
setting. (For this perspective, cf. Corazza et al. 2002, Philosophical Studies
107, See also Corazza 2004, Reflecting the Mind: Indexicality and Quasi-Indexicality, Oxford University Press). Finally, I will claim that the fictionalist analysis of cases of non-ordinary uses of indexicals
like “here” and “now” can be retained in face of a new alternative analysis of those cases in terms of an ‘unbound anaphora’
– theory (cf. Corazza 2004, Synthese
138, 145). 相似文献
14.
Jeremy Waldron 《The Journal of Ethics》2004,8(1):5-35
“Terrorism”' is sometimes defined as a “form ofcoercion.” But there are important differences between ordinary coercion and
terrorist intimidation. This paper explores some of those differences, particularly the relation between coercion, on the
one hand, and terror and terrorization, on the other hand. The paper argues that while terrorism is not necessarily associated
with terror in the literal sense, it does often seek to instill a mental state like terror in the populations that it targets.
However, the point of instilling this mental state is not necessarily coercive or intimidatory: one can try to instill terror
as an act of punishment, or as an expressive or therapeutic act, or because one values the political consequences that might
follow, or because one thinks terror is preferable, from an ethical point of view, to the inauthentic complacency that characterizes
the targeted population at present. Though this paper asks questions about the definition of “terrorism,” these questions
are not asked for their own sake. The quest for a canonical definition of “terrorism” is probably a waste of time. But asking
questions which sound like questions of definition is sometimes a fruitful way of focusing our reflections on terrorism and
organizing our response.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
15.
Aaron Rizzieri 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2011,70(3):217-229
It is commonly held that epistemic standards for S’s knowledge that p are affected by practical considerations, such as what is at stake in decisions that are guided by that p. I defend a particular view as to why this is, that is referred to as “pragmatic encroachment.” I then discuss a “new argument
against miracles” that uses stakes considerations in order to explore the conditions under which stakes affect the level of
epistemic support that is required for knowledge. Finally, I generalize my results to include other religiously significant
propositions such as “God exists” and “God does not exist.” 相似文献
16.
In this paper we show how recent concepts from Dynamic Logic, and in particular from Dynamic Epistemic logic, can be used
to model and interpret quantum behavior. Our main thesis is that all the non-classical properties of quantum systems are explainable
in terms of the non-classical flow of quantum information. We give a logical analysis of quantum measurements (formalized using modal operators) as triggers for quantum information
flow, and we compare them with other logical operators previously used to model various forms of classical information flow:
the “test” operator from Dynamic Logic, the “announcement” operator from Dynamic Epistemic Logic and the “revision” operator
from Belief Revision theory. The main points stressed in our investigation are the following: (1) The perspective and the techniques of “logical dynamics” are useful for understanding quantum information flow. (2) Quantum mechanics does not require any modification of the classical
laws of “static” propositional logic, but only a non-classical dynamics of information. (3) The main such non-classical feature is that, in a quantum world, all information-gathering actions have some ontic side-effects. (4) This ontic impact can affect in its turn the flow of information, leading to non-classical epistemic side-effects (e.g. a type of non-monotonicity) and to states of “objectively imperfect information”. (5) Moreover, the ontic impact is non-local: an information-gathering action on one part of a quantum system can have ontic side-effects on other, far-away parts of
the system. 相似文献
17.
The dramatic rise in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has resulted in a significant explosion in visibility
and a substantial increase in the understanding of this complex group of disorders. Over the last decade, what was once defined
only as “autism” has become a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders, with variable presentations and levels of impairment
that requires an equally broad continuum of care. A wealth of research has not discovered a single “cause” for ASDs, but rather
has found a range of genetic/genomic variations that likely play a significant role in the etiology of these disorders. Routine
screening for autism is becoming more common, allowing for more timely diagnosis, and hopefully for earlier entry into appropriate
and effective treatment. Although there remains no single ‘‘cure’’, there are treatments available that can improve overall
functioning and decrease problematic or interfering symptoms across the full spectrum of this disorder. The wide spectrum
of ASD presentations complicates treatment planning, with overall ASD severity a factor in determining type, intensity, and
duration of interventions and services. This article presents a two-dimensional model of “ASD severity” that considers both
the level of specific ASD symptoms/deficits and the level of cognitive resources/limitations as a framework for understanding
needs, challenges, and potentially effective interventions for individuals across the ASD spectrum. 相似文献
18.
陈少明 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2008,3(3):335-351
By analysing the two relevant psychological phenomena of “endurance” and “non-endurance,” this essay aims to reveal the ethical
implications of a Confucian approach, namely regarding non-endurance as an impulse of primary virtue. Based on this case study,
the author then explores the significance of moral cultivation or psychological training in establishing moral personality
and the complexities of such a process. Meanwhile, “love” in Confucian ethics means sympathy for the inferior rather than
affection for the revered. Hopefully, this study may deepen our understanding of virtue ethics.
Translated by Zheng Shuhong from Xueshu Yuekan 学术月刊 (Academic Monthly), 2007, (1): 60–65 相似文献
19.
Ulrich Meyer 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2009,38(2):229-247
According to Hans Kamp and Frank Vlach, the two-dimensional tense operators “now” and “then” are ineliminable in quantified
tense logic. This is often adduced as an argument against tense logic, and in favor of an extensional account that makes use
of explicit quantification over times. The aim of this paper is to defend tense logic against this attack. It shows that “now”
and “then” are eliminable in quantified tense logic, provided we endow it with enough quantificational structure. The operators might not
be redundant in some other systems of tense logic, but this merely indicates a lack of quantificational resources and does
not show any deep-seated inability of tense logic to express claims about time. The paper closes with a brief discussion of
the modal analogue of this issue, which concerns the role of the actuality operator in quantified modal logic. 相似文献
20.
Daniel A. Drubach 《Journal of religion and health》2008,47(3):354-365
Theory of Mind (ToM) refers to a cognitive process which allows an individual to “place him/herself” in the other person’s
“mind,” so as to comprehend the latter’s cognitive and emotional status, so as to predict his/her behavior and emotional response
to a particular situation. ToM is necessary for everyday interaction among individuals and accounts for such human traits
as empathy, compassion, and deceit. It is also particularly important in the relationship between a healer and his or her
client, as well as in the God–human relationship. Recent research in the area of neurosciences has identified a specific brain
“system” responsible for ToM, as well as described how these functions may be affected in certain neuropsychiatric conditions.
In this article, we discuss the definition and neurobiological substrate of ToM. In addition, we discuss the cognitive steps
important to achieve an “accurate” theory of mind, its relevance to “self-knowledge,” and its limitations. We also review
some of the data concerning abnormalities and “distortion” of ToM in neuropsychiatric disorders and aberrant human behavior. 相似文献