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1.
Some evidence suggests that close friends may be knowledgeable of youth’s psychological adjustment. However, friends are understudied
as reporters of adjustment. The current study examines associations between self- and friend-reports of internalizing and
externalizing adjustment in a community sample of fifth-, eighth-, and eleventh-grade youth. The study extends prior work
by considering the degree to which friends’ reports of youth adjustment are accurate (i.e., predicted by youths’ actual adjustment) versus biased (i.e., predicted by the friend reporters’ own adjustment). Findings indicated stronger bias effects than accuracy effects,
but the accuracy effects were significant for both internalizing and externalizing adjustment. Additionally, friends who perceived
their relationships as high in positive quality, friends in relationships high in disclosure, and girls perceived youths’
internalizing symptoms most accurately. Knowledge of externalizing adjustment was not influenced by gender, grade, relationship
quality, or self-disclosure. Findings suggest that friends could play an important role in prevention efforts.
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2.
This study investigated the impact of social stress on symptoms of psychopathology at the entry into adolescence (111 girls,
Mage = 11.84, SD = 0.77). We examined whether peer stress and pubertal timing were associated with internalizing distress
and aggression, and whether responses to stress and cortisol reactivity mediated or moderated these associations. Cortisol
samples were collected from saliva samples during in-home visits, and the YSR was used to assess psychopathology. Interestingly,
pubertal timing demonstrated a trend association with cortisol. Responses to stress mediated the association between social
stress and symptoms of internalizing distress and aggression. Specifically, early maturers and girls with higher levels of
peer stress exhibited more problematic responses to stress, in turn demonstrating higher levels of internalizing distress
and aggression. Significant moderation effects also emerged. For example, early maturers who experienced higher levels of
emotional/cognitive numbing in response to peer stress were at greater risk for aggression. Findings identify coping strategies
that may be used in evidence-based programming to help girls transition more successfully into adolescence will be discussed.
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3.
Investigated whether three self-system beliefs, fear of abandonment, coping efficacy, and self-esteem, mediated the relations of stressors and caregiver–child relationship quality with concurrent and prospective internalizing and externalizing problems in a sample of children who had experienced parental death in the previous 2.5 years. The cross-sectional sample consisted of 340 children ages 7–16 and their surviving parent/current caregiver; the longitudinal analyses employed a subset of this sample that consisted of 100 children and their parents/caregivers who were assessed at three time points. A multirater, multimethod measure of caregiver–child relationship quality and a multirater measure of children's mental health problems were used. The cross-sectional model supported a mediational relation for fear of abandonment, coping efficacy, and self-esteem. The three-wave longitudinal model showed that fear of abandonment at Time 2 mediated the relation between stressors at Time 1 and internalizing and externalizing problems at Time 3. Implications of these findings for understanding the development of mental health problems in parentally bereaved children and designing interventions for this at-risk group are discussed. 相似文献
4.
Using the article by von Eye and colleagues as a springboard, this commentary considers a variety of challenges to valid exploration
of mediation processes. Along the way, a several alternatives for reinserting the individual back into mediation processes
are entertained. The configural frequency approach to mediation analyses proposed by von Eye et al. (Integrative Psychological
& Behavioral Science 43(3), 2009) represents a major step toward this objective. Idiographic approaches are proposed as the next step in the progression toward
individual-centered mediation analyses.
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5.
Decades of research have examined the structure of self-consciousness in adults and its relationship to social anxiety. This
study examined the structure of self-consciousness via the Self-Consciousness Scales (Fenigstein et al., J. Consult. Clin.
Psychol. 43:522–527, 1975) in a school sample of 175 children and young adolescents (92 girls; mean age = 11.5). Confirmatory
factor analysis best supported a five-factor solution (Internal State Awareness, Self-Reflectiveness, Appearance Consciousness,
Style Consciousness and Social Anxiety). Although some factor based subscales evidenced low internal consistencies, convergent
and discriminant correlations with self-report measures of social phobia, negative affect, and positive affect as well as
parent-report measures of internalizing and externalizing problems provided additional support for the five-factor model.
Future studies should further examine the multidimensional nature as well as the developmental course of self-consciousness
and its relation to social anxiety longitudinally.
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6.
According to Self-Determination Theory, feelings of relatedness and value of a behavior are critical factors that affect internalization
and integration. The purpose of the current study was to identify factors that influence relatedness and value in an academic
setting. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of autonomy, mastery goals, performance-approach goals, and performance-avoidance
goals, on two dependent variables: relatedness to the professor and value of the course. Participants were 222 undergraduate
students (90 males) enrolled in introductory psychology classes. Linear regression analyses showed a statistically significant
effect of mastery goals and autonomy on relatedness such that higher scores were associated with greater relatedness. A similar
pattern emerged for value. Neither performance-approach nor performance-avoidance goals were significantly associated with
relatedness or value. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.
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7.
We propose to extend Clark and Chalmer’s concept of the extended mind to consider the possibility that social institutions
(e.g., legal systems, museums) may operate in ways similar to the hand-held conveniences (notebooks, calculators) that are
often used as examples of extended mind. The inspiration for this suggestion can be found in the writings of Hegel on “objective
spirit” which involves the mind in a constant process of externalizing and internalizing. For Hegel, social institutions are
pieces of the mind, externalized in their specific time and place. These institutions are the products of shared mental processes.
We then use these institutions instrumentally to do further cognitive work, for example, to solve problems or to control behavior.
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8.
Borderline personality disorder and externalizing disorders are associated with suicide-related behaviors. The present study
examined whether symptoms of borderline personality disorder mediate the relationship between externalizing disorders and
suicide-related behaviors. Diagnostic interviews were administered to 344 participants ( n = 233 women). Results indicated that symptoms of antisocial personality disorder, alcohol use disorders, and drug use disorders
each were significantly associated with suicide threats and self-injurious behavior in women and symptoms of antisocial personality
disorder were associated with suicide attempts in women. With the exception of the association between symptoms of alcohol
dependence and self-injurious behaviors, borderline personality disorder symptoms mediated or partially mediated all associations
between externalizing disorders and suicide-related behaviors in women. These results highlight the importance of assessment
and treatment of borderline personality disorder symptoms in individuals with externalizing disorders, particularly in the
presence of suicide-related behaviors.
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9.
Examined the concurrent validity of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview
Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent versions (ADIS-C/P). One hundred eighty-four clinic-referred children were categorized into three ADIS-generated
groups: No diagnosis of ADHD (No ADHD; n = 63), parent-only diagnosis of ADHD (Parent Only; n = 81), and parent plus child diagnosis of ADHD (Parent + Child; n = 40). The groups were compared on demographics, comorbid diagnoses, parent and child-report measures, and a computerized
test of attention. Results support the concurrent validity of the ADIS ADHD module and highlight the positive relationship
between internalizing symptomatology and parent-child agreement on ADHD diagnoses. The clinical implication of this study
is that parent-child agreement on ADHD may serve as a marker of internalizing symptomatology. Future research on child self-perceptions
is suggested in developing treatments for this internalizing ADHD group.
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10.
Habitual emotional state is a predictor of long-term health and life expectancy and successful emotion regulation is necessary
for adaptive functioning. However, people are often unsuccessful in regulating their emotions. We investigated the use of
cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in 489 university students in Norway, Australia, and the United States and
how these strategies related to measures of well-being (affect, life satisfaction, and depressed mood). Data was collected
by means of selfadministered questionnaires. The major aims of the study were to begin to explore the prevalence of use of
cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression across gender, age and culture, possible antecedents of emotion regulation
strategies, and the influence of emotion regulation upon well-being. Results showed that the use of emotion regulation strategies
varied across age, gender and culture. Private self-consciousness (self-reflection and insight) was found to be a central
antecedent for the use of cognitive reappraisal. Use of emotion regulation strategies predicted well-being outcomes, also
after the effect of extraversion and neuroticism had been controlled for. Generally, increased use of cognitive reappraisal
predicted increased levels of positive well-being outcomes, while increased use of expressive suppression predicted increased
levels of negative well-being outcomes.
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11.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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12.
Many experiments have found that emotional experience affects self-focused attention. Several approaches to cognition and
emotion predict that conscious emotional experience may be unnecessary for this effect. To test this hypothesis, two experiments
primed emotion concepts without affecting emotional experience. In Experiment 1, subliminal exposure to sad faces (relative
to happy faces and neutral faces) increased self-focused attention but not subjectively experienced affect. In Experiment
2, a scrambled-sentences task that primed happy and sad emotion concepts increased self-focused attention relative to a neutral
task. Thus, simply activating knowledge about emotions was sufficient to increase self-focused attention. The discussion considers
implications for research on how emotional states affect self-awareness.
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13.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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14.
This study replicated and extended prior research by examining neighborhood context as a moderator of the relation between
the constellation of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention (HIA) difficulties and conduct problems among African American
youth (11–16 years old; 55% girls) from single mother homes ( N = 193). Using audio computer-assisted interview (ACASI) software, mother-child dyads provided ratings of HIA difficulties
and two domains of conduct problems: aggression and rule-breaking. In addition, both subjective (mother-report) and objective
(census data) indices of neighborhood context were assessed. Findings revealed that both subjective and objective indices
of neighborhood context moderated the relation between HIA and conduct problems, but the pattern of moderation differed depending
on the index and combination of reporters. Future research directions and implications of the findings are discussed.
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15.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D. M., & Charles, S. T. (1999). American Psychologist, 54, 155–181) posits that older adults, and anyone else who perceives their time as limited, show a motivational shift toward
emotion regulation which causes them to exhibit a positivity bias and negativity avoidance in attention and memory. We tested
whether such a motivational shift can indeed cause changes in emotional processing by manipulating motivation in a sample
of young adults. After the manipulation, participants looked at real-world images while their eye movements were tracked.
It was found that participants motivated to regulate emotion attended less to negative than positive images and showed less
looking time to all stimulus types compared to the other two conditions. No evidence was found linking the motivational manipulation
to emotional memory.
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16.
According to Affect Valuation Theory (Tsai et al. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1031–1039), culture influences how people want to feel (ideal affect). Integrating Affect Valuation Theory with the Time-sequential
Framework of Subjective Well-being (Kim-Prieto et al. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 261–300), we proposed that cultural norms influence the memory, but not the experience, of emotion. The present study examined
the role of ideal affect in relation to experience sampling and retrospective reports of emotion. Ideal affect correlated
with retrospective reports but not experience sampling reports. Extraversion and neuroticism were more strongly related to
experience sampling reports than to ideal levels of emotion. Results suggest that retrospective reports of emotion involve
a dynamic process that incorporates cultural information into the reconstruction whereas on-line emotions are more constrained
by temperament.
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17.
We examined a brief program aimed at preventing anxiety and other problems in early childhood. Participants ( N = 734, age 3–6 years) were drawn from 25 preschools across Brisbane, Australia. Assessments occurred four times over 14 months,
with a diagnostic interview at follow-up. Parent and teacher reports included information on child temperament, social behavior,
inhibition, parent characteristics, and parent-child interactions. REACH for RESILIENCE, a universal prevention program developed
for this study, consisted of a six-session training program for parents focusing on building positive expectations and social
competency in children. Parents rated the program positively and attended well, especially highly stressed parents who thus
became over-represented in the treatment group as time progressed. Despite this difficulty with interpreting results, the
intervention resulted in decreases in child problems via teacher report for both internalizing and externalizing problems.
However, the effect sizes were not impressive and no changes were noted in parent’s diagnostic ratings. Results, directions
for further research, and refinement of methods are discussed.
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18.
The current study examined the moderating influence of observed parental emotion socialization (PES) on self-medication in
adolescents. Strengths of the study include the use of a newly developed observational coding system further extending the
study of PES to adolescence, the use of an experience sampling method to assess the daily covariation between negative affect
and substance use, and a focus on PES styles defined by the interaction of emotion-dismissing and emotion-coaching behaviors.
Using multi-leveling modeling, we tested PES as a moderator of daily negative mood-substance use relation in a sample of 65
elevated-risk adolescents (48% male, 58% Caucasian, with a median age of 14). Results showed a three-way interaction between
emotion-coaching PES, emotion-dismissing PES and daily negative mood in predicting daily substance use. Results are discussed
in terms of the importance of PES styles and their effects on self-medication through compromised emotion regulation and interpersonal
processes.
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19.
Patterns and correlates of comorbidity, as well as differences in manifest depressive profiles were investigated in a sample
of depressed adolescents. A sub-sample of the youth were characterized as belonging to either a Pure depression group, an Internalizing group (depression and co-occurring internalizing disorders), or an Externalizing group (depression and co-occurring externalizing disorders). Item response theory (IRT) and differential item functioning
(DIF) were used to assess whether the depressed adolescents from the different comorbidity groups presented with different
depressive symptoms. Results indicated that the comorbidity groups were meaningfully distinct in terms of psychosocial correlates
as well as showed differences in depressive symptom profiles as informed by DIF analyses. In particular, the comorbidity groups
differed in terms of presentation of psychomotor changes and cognitive impairments. Implications for assessment are discussed.
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20.
This paper is a discussion of the emotion of compassion or pity, and the corresponding virtue. It begins by placing the emotion
of compassion in the moral conceptual landscape, and then moves to reject the currently dominant view, a version of Aristotelianism
developed by Martha Nussbaum, in favour of a non-cognitive conception of compassion as a feeling. An alternative neo-Aristotelian
account is then outlined. The relation of the virtue of compassion to other virtues is plotted, and some doubts sown about
its practical significance.
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