共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
The accuracy and variability of response times (RTs) collected on stock Apple Macintosh computers using USB keyboards was
assessed. A photodiode detected a change in the screen’s luminosity and triggered a solenoid that pressed a key on the keyboard.
The RTs collected in this way were reliable, but could be as much as 100 ms too long. The standard deviation of the measured
RTs varied between 2.5 and 10 ms, and the distributions approximated a normal distribution. Surprisingly, two recent Apple-branded
USB keyboards differed in their accuracy by as much as 20 ms. The most accurate RTs were collected when an external CRT was
used to display the stimuli and Psychtoolbox was able to synchronize presentation with the screen refresh. We conclude that
RTs collected on stock iMacs can detect a difference as small as 5–10 ms under realistic conditions, and this dictates which
types of research should or should not use these systems. 相似文献
2.
《The journal of positive psychology》2013,8(3):205-215
It has been presumed that the beneficial health effects of optimism are mediated by social support provided by the social environment. To further analyze this assumption, in two experiments (N?=?240 and N?=?120) social responses toward optimists, pessimists, and realists were examined. Participants listened to tape-recorded conversations in which optimistic, pessimistic and realistic targets reported how they were dealing with a stressful situation before completing a questionnaire assessing (a) their evaluation of the target's behavior and personality, (b) their attraction to the target, and (c) their willingness to provide the target with social support. Optimistic and realistic targets were viewed more favorably than pessimistic targets, while the behavior of realists was regarded as being more adequate than that of optimists. However, the more positive evaluation of optimists and realists compared to pessimists was not accompanied by a greater willingness to provide them with social support. 相似文献
3.
The present work aims to investigate the relation between appraisals, emotions, and emotion regulation strategies by creating
a structural equation model which integrates these three aspects of the emotion process. To reach this aim, Italian students
(N = 610) confronted with their high school diploma examination completed a questionnaire 3 weeks before the beginning of the
exam. Results showed that they experienced primarily three types of emotions—anxiety/fear, frustration/powerlessness, positive
emotions—which were related to specific appraisal profiles. Importantly, these appraisal profiles and emotions were associated
with the use of different strategies for regulating emotions: anxiety/fear was associated with focusing on the exam, drug
use, and an inability to distance oneself from the exam; frustration/powerlessness, with use of suppression, distancing, and
drugs; positive emotion, with reappraisal and problem focused strategies. The effectiveness of these different strategies
will be discussed. 相似文献
4.
Diagnosing students’ misconceptions in algebra: Results from an experimental pilot study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Computer-based diagnostic assessment systems hold potential to help teachers identify sources of poor performance and to connect
teachers and students to learning activities designed to help advance students’ conceptual understandings. The present article
presents findings from a study that examined how students’ performance in algebra and their overcoming of common algebraic
misconceptions were affected by the use of a diagnostic assessment system that focused on important algebra concepts. This
study used a four-group randomized cluster trial design in which teachers were assigned randomly to one of four groups: a
“business as usual” control group, a partial intervention group that was provided with access to diagnostic tests results,
a partial intervention group that was provided with access to the learning activities, and a full intervention group that
was given access to the test results and learning activities. Data were collected from 905 students (6th–12th grade) nested
within 44 teachers. We used hierarchical linear modeling techniques to compare the effects of full, partial, and no (control)
intervention on students’ algebraic ability and misconceptions. The analyses indicate that full intervention had a net positive
effect on ability and misconception measures. 相似文献
5.
Chinese American pregnant women and women of childbearing age face economic, cultural and linguistic barriers in accessing
mainstream health care services. The Charles B. Wang Community Health Center developed a culturally and linguistically competent
genetic education workshop for high-risk Chinese American prenatal patients. Patients referred for genetic counseling for
thalassemia, abnormal triple screen results, and/or advanced maternal age were recruited to participate in the workshop. The
workshop provided basic “genetic 101” education, focusing on topics that were directly relevant to the patients’ reasons for
referral. The effectiveness of the workshop was measured using a quasi-experimental design with pre-post surveys administered
to intervention and control group participants. The evaluation also included a genetic counselor assessment and a pilot study
of genetic counseling appointment length. Overall, workshop participants showed significant increases in knowledge, positive
attitude and self-efficacy regarding genetic services as compared to their control group counterparts. The pilot appointment
length study data revealed that the workshop reduced the length of the genetic counseling appointment time by 40%. These positive
findings suggest that it would be worthwhile to replicate the genetic education workshop at other health agencies serving
Chinese-speaking populations and that further evaluation research should be conducted. 相似文献
6.
In the study of false memory, developmental research on the Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) illusion has played a pivotal role
in theory evaluation and forensic application. The extensive developmental DRM literature (55 experiments published in English-language
journals) provided the first clear evidence that false memories can increase dramatically from early childhood onward, whereas
traditional ideas about cognitive development predict steady declines. Similar increases have recently been reported in false
memory for complex, realistic life events, using forensically oriented paradigms. Age improvements in the ability to connect
meaning across words have been found to be necessary and sufficient for developmental increases in the DRM illusion. When
the data of developmental DRM studies are combined with parallel findings from forensically oriented paradigms, the result
is an existence proof that a principle used by the law to evaluate children’s evidence is mistaken. According to that principle,
children’s versions of events are always more likely to be infected with false memories than those of adults, and hence, juries
should give more weight to adults’ versions of events. 相似文献
7.
General Beliefs and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Environmental Concerns in the TPB 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study tested whether the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985 ) could explain people's intention to use a park-and-ride facility (transferium) in Groningen, The Netherlands. We extended the TPB by including egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric concerns. A questionnaire study was conducted among 218 respondents who regularly visit the center of Groningen for work or shopping. Environmental concerns were directly related to attitudes toward using the transferium. However, the 3 types of concerns were not directly related to intention to use the transferium. Furthermore, positive attitudes, positive subjective norms, and high perceived behavioral control toward the use of the transferium were related to stronger intention to use the transferium. Limitations and practical implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
8.
The literature has suggested that there are two separate types of primary dysmenorrhea with different physiological bases and different reported symptomatology. The purpose of this study was to construct a questionnaire based on suggestions from Dalton's (1969) theory of congestive and spasmodic types of primary dysmenorrhea, to obtain test-retest reliabilities of items, and to factor analyze the instrument to empirically investigate the two-type theory. The first set of 51 items had mean test-retest reliabilities of 0.76 and yielded two clearly distinct factors in support of the two-type hypothesis. When items with factor loadings less than ±0.35 were discarded, 25 items remained. The mean test-retest reliabilities of these items was 0.78. Again, two clearly distinct factors emerged defining congestive and spasmodic dysmenorrhea consistent with the literature. The retained items from the first questionnaire and the items from the second questionnaire loaded on the same factors both times. It was concluded that two types of dysmenorrhea do, in fact, exist and that this study has provided a reliable means of differentiating them. From a therapeutic standpoint, accurate diagnosis of type may be a prerequisite for prescribing appropriate treatment. 相似文献
9.
10.
Johanna Braukmann Antje Schmitt Lenka Ďuranová Sandra Ohly 《Journal of business and psychology》2018,33(4):529-544
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of information and communication technology (ICT) use for employees by exploring affective ICT events and their relation to employee recovery. We conducted two daily diary studies with knowledge workers in Germany. In study 1 (N = 153), we followed a qualitative approach by developing a taxonomy of negative and positive ICT events at work and at home. We found 11 negative (e.g., multichannel use, work e-mails in the evening) and 10 positive ICT event clusters (e.g., utilizing idle times, availability at home). In study 2 (N = 154), we examined how the occurrence of ICT-related events in the evening is related to detachment from work and sleep quality using a multilevel design. Study 2 provided a differentiated picture of relationships between evening ICT events and recovery. Overall, results indicate that work-related ICT events in the evening—even in cases where they are appraised as positive—are detrimental for employee recovery. Our study contributes to the refinement of the operationalization of ICT use for future analyses of ICT impacts and sheds light on the differential effects of specific types of ICT events. ICT use conceptualized as the occurrence of affective events helps to advance our understanding of the diversity of ICT-related experiences. The negative effects of handling work e-mails at home imply that organizations should engage in optimizing their “e-mail culture.” 相似文献
11.
Stacy C. Parenteau 《Journal of religion and health》2017,56(2):380-387
The objectives of this study were to ascertain whether positive and negative religious coping are associated with substance use and to determine whether sex moderates this association. This study utilized a cross-sectional design and examined 349 undergraduate students (103 males and 246 females) at a midsize southeastern university. Participants completed a demographic questionnaire, the Brief RCOPE, and the Drinking and Drug Habits Questionnaire. Results revealed a positive association between negative religious coping and substance use only for males. While positive religious coping was significantly negatively associated with substance use, sex did not moderate this association. These results suggest that males may be especially vulnerable to engaging in substance use when utilizing negative religious coping. It may be important for university counseling centers to be cognizant of the types of religious coping used by students, as well as sex differences regarding the association between negative religious coping and substance use. 相似文献
12.
Maternal serum screening, also known as the triple screen, is used during pregnancy to assess the risk of carrying a fetus with specific chromosome abnormalities or open spina bifida. All women in British Columbia who screen positive are eligible for genetic counseling and are offered amniocentesis. The purpose of this study is to determine what differences (if any) exist in patients' understanding and/or anxiety when genetic counseling for a positive triple screen is conducted in person versus over the telephone. Each patient who participated was given the choice of having genetic counseling in person or over the telephone, this after a randomized design failed to elicit any participants. Using a written postcounseling questionnaire, each patient was assessed for her understanding of the information presented in the session, and her anxiety regarding her risk. In this small pilot study, no large differences were detected in patients' understanding or anxiety when genetic counseling was conducted by telephone versus in person. 相似文献
13.
In the study entitled “Web usability evaluation with screen reader users: Implementation of the Partial Concurrent Thinking
Aloud technique” (Federici et al. 2010), we have proposed a modified protocol of usability evaluation technique for blind users, which integrates the features of
the concurrent and the retrospective techniques. This new technique, called partial concurrent thinking aloud (PCTA), while
respecting the properties of classic verbal protocols, overcomes the structural interference and the limits of concurrent
and retrospective protocols when used with screen reader users. In order to facilitate understanding and acquisition of the
PCTA’s technique for practitioners and researchers, we have video recorded three different verbal protocols by visualizing
five experimental sections. In the first two videos, we have compared a concurrent with a retrospective’s verbal protocol
of a sighted user, showing the difference of the verbalizations provided by the user in these two conditions. The third video
shows the structural interference of the screen reader, during a blind user concurrent thinking aloud. In the last two videos,
we show the difference of a blind user behaviour when PCTA or retrospective protocol is adopted. The videos clearly visualize
the advantage of the PCTA use in respect of the two other protocols. In conclusion, the visualization of the PCTA technique
confirms that this new verbal protocol promotes and guarantees a more user-driven usability assessment with disabled people,
by better involving screen reader users, overcoming the structural interference and the limits of the concurrent and retrospective
protocols. 相似文献
14.
In previous research 2-year-olds have failed to show knowledge of solidity in a search task in which a ball rolled behind a screen and was stopped by a barrier. The screen had four doors and the barrier was visible above the door hiding the ball. To establish what cues 2-year-olds might be using, precise point-of-gaze measures were taken during the hiding event. A transparent screen with opaque doors provided two cues: (1) the ball could be tracked until it failed to emerge, and (2) the barrier's position could indicate the correct door. Point-of-gaze measures revealed that children failed to use the more indirect cue of the barrier, which requires reasoning and spatial integration. Their search success was predicted only by the more immediate cue of actively tracking the ball. These findings support the claim that children use best those cues directly related to the object's disappearance, while failing to use cues that entail higher cognitive demands. 相似文献
15.
Melissa Ann Stormont Sandra Covington Smith Timothy J. Lewis 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(3):280-290
Although research has clearly supported the use of school-wide positive behavior support (PBS) in elementary school settings,
data-based research has not been conducted to support program-wide PBS in early childhood settings. The purpose of this study
was to specifically support teachers’ use of universal features of program-wide PBS and to determine whether increases in
the use of positive teacher behaviors, including precorrection and praise, were functionally related to decreases in students’
problem behavior. Using a multiple baseline design, three teachers were introduced to an intervention to increase their use
of precorrections and specific behavioral praise statements. A relationship was established between the three teachers’ use
of key features of program-wide PBS and the reduction of students’ problem behavior in a small group setting. However, findings
should be viewed as tentative and future research should explore the relative influence of each of the intervention components
on preschool students’ behavior. 相似文献
16.
James W. Kelz 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1966,44(5):511-516
The purpose of this research was to construct and evaluate a measure for assessing counselor-trainee effectiveness. An eight-category rating instrument was constructed and two standardized interview situations emphasizing problems commonly encountered by secondary school counselors were developed. The standardized interview situations provided by the use of coached counselees permitted a panel of six trained judges to evaluate via closed-circuit television 30 counselor-trainees under conditions designed to insure comparability and, hence, fair appraisal. Using a definition of reliability as the degree of consistency between judges, the average correlation between ratings given by pairs of independent raters was .50. It was concluded that the rating instrument developed and the techniques employed for its use constituted a usable, realistic measure for assessing the counseling proficiency of counselor-trainees. 相似文献
17.
18.
Trust as a determinant of entrepreneurs' preference to remain tenants in Turkish business incubators
Relations of two types of trust by entrepreneurs with the entrepreneurs' preference to remain an incubator tenant were examined using questionnaire data from 67 owners of companies in 6 Turkish incubators. As hypothesized, trust in incubator management had a positive and unique relation with preference to remain an incubator tenant. However, trust in other incubator tenants did not show the hypothesized positive and unique relation with preference to remain a tenant; the results indicated the relation is negative. 相似文献
19.
The purpose of this study was to examine the use of a classwide positive peer reporting intervention known as “tootling” in
conjunction with a group contingency procedure to reduce the number of disruptive behaviors in a third-grade inclusive classroom.
Nineteen elementary students including four students with disabilities (i.e., specific learning disabilities and/or attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder) were taught how to report their classmates’ positive behaviors using the “tootling” intervention.
Results indicated that the use of the “tootling” intervention in combination with a group contingency procedure decreased
students’ disruptive classroom behaviors, establishing a functional relation. Limitations of the study, implications for using
tootling as a classwide positive behavior support, and future research questions are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Charles S. Abraham Paschal Sheeran Dominic Abrams Russell Spears 《Psychology & health》2013,28(4):253-272
Abstract Teenagers' HIV-preventive cognitions were explored within a protection motivation theory framework. Five hundred and seven adolescent men and women from two cohorts (sixteen and eighteen) completed a confidential postal questionnaire. The effect of demographic variables, previous sexual experience and appraisal of threat and coping resources upon HIV-relevant cognitions was investigated using path analysis. Cognitions promoting (adaptive) and inhibiting (maladaptive) preventive behaviour were considered. Anticipated condom use, intention to limit number of sexual partners and willingness to consider an HIV antibody test were included as adaptive HIV-preventive cognitions. Coping appraisal measures were strongly associated with anticipated condom use but threat appraisal measures were not. Gender, previous sexual experience, coping appraisal measures and denial accounted for 33% of the variance in anticipated condom use. Overall the results provided qualified support for Protection Motivation Theory. Implications for health education are highlighted. 相似文献