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人格是文化的产物。文化影响了个体人格的形成与发展。文章介绍了文化对人格模型及自我的具体影响,集体主义文化与个体主义文化有不同的人格模型和自我增强方式,在两种文化下特质理论的意义并不相同。当代心理学主要以西方文化为理论基础,如果我们的目标是理解全人类的行为,就必须首先建立属于各文化的本土心理学。 相似文献
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文化价值取向与自我调节点对反馈效果的调节作用 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
选择个体主义、集体主义文化价值取向和自我调节点作为影响反馈效果的调节变量,采用2×2(反馈方式、反馈对象)两因素组间实验设计,以公文处理练习为实验材料,对171名MBA学生进行反馈的干预实验研究。结果表明,集体主义倾向、自我调节点是影响反馈效果的调节变量,集体主义倾向强的人得到针对小组的反馈,公文处理成绩提高;表扬提升调节点的被试公文处理成绩反而降低。 相似文献
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文化与人格关系研究综述 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
文化影响人格发展。在影响人格的因素中,普遍性因素与文化特殊性因素共存。文化的维度,有复杂性、紧密性、个体主义和集体主义等。许多文献提到在不同的文化中均出现大五人格。然而我们仍然需要谨慎,因为对普遍性的大多数研究并不包括文化特殊性的特质,也不研究那些与西方文化范例有绝对差异的样本。 相似文献
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《心理科学进展》2018,(11)
自愿移居假说认为自愿拓疆运动能够促进个体主义的地区文化。从正在进行中的自愿拓疆运动地区(深圳)和对照地区(襄樊)两地抽取583名大学生,将是否本地人作为干扰变量进行控制,采用自我建构量表、集体主义量表、图片分类任务、归因任务、"亲亲性"任务等独立我/互依我测量指标,考察正在进行中的自愿拓疆运动与个体主义的关系。结果显示,在控制是否本地人后,深圳样本比襄樊样本报告了更高的个体主义指数得分和更低的集体主义量表得分,更低的整体思维,对朋友诚实更低的奖励,对朋友欺骗更高的惩罚。结果表明,深圳作为正在进行中的自愿拓疆地区,已经形成了与对照地区相比更偏向个体主义的地区文化,自愿移居假说也适用于源文化是集体主义的东方文化。 相似文献
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已有研究表明,与个体主义文化相比,集体主义文化易引发整体加工方式。但是,文化不仅可以按照东西方文化划分为个体主义和集体主义,还可以依据个体的文化经验划分为多元文化和单一文化。那么,与单一文化经验相比,多元文化经验,尤其是最常见的双文化经验是否也有利于整体加工方式呢?在两个实验中,我们将被试分为两组,让其中一组被试暴露在双文化情境下,另外一组被试暴露在单一文化情境下。然后让这两组被试要么寻找两段视频间的相似点或者差异点(实验1),要么回忆与老年人刻板印象一致或不一致的信息(实验2)。结果发现,与暴露在单一文化情境下相比,暴露在双文化情境下的被试倾向于寻找事物间的相似点(实验1),并且不易形成刻板印象(实验2)。这表明,双文化经验有利于整体加工方式。 相似文献
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This study examines personal collectivism and individualism (or allocentrism and idiocentrism) in relation to the perception of same-sex friendships among adolescents living in a multi-ethnic context in the Netherlands. Respondents originally from collectivist cultures were more allocentric than respondents originally from individualist cultures. Among the former group allocentrism was unrelated to idiocentrism, whereas a negative relation was found among the latter group. Allocentrism was related to a greater sensitivity to friends, using more ascribed features in describing friends, having fewer friends but seeing their relationship as closer, perceiving less intimacy with other-than-best-friends, and endorsing rules about relations with third parties more. Idiocentrism was related to less sensitivity to friends, using more personal characteristics in describing friends, but also to having fewer friends, talking less intimately with others, and endorsing friendship rules about intimacy less. Additionally, gender had independent effects on the perception of friendship, suggesting that cultural and gender differences cannot be characterized by the same set of features. 相似文献
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Chen SX Hui NH Bond MH Sit AY Wong S Chow VS Lun VM Law RW 《The Journal of social psychology》2006,146(2):223-244
Researchers have extended the literature on strategies of gaining compliance with a request to incorporate cultural variations into the analytic framework. In the present investigation, the authors sought to go beyond previous studies of the factors increasing compliance rates by reexamining how researchers conceptualize and measure personal, social, and cultural influences on compliance behavior in the United States, Poland, and Hong Kong. The authors found that different levels of compliance were affected by culture, principles of influence, and the individual's personal orientation of idiocentrism/allocentrism (I/A). In the present study, the authors extended previous cross-cultural work by decomposing the I/A into 2 separate individual difference variables: normative perceptions and evaluative perceptions. The interaction of person and situation on compliance showed the power of situational demands and the strength of different aspects of personal collectivism. Different patterns of compliance at the culture level revealed the importance of culture in shaping this behavioral tendency. Thus, the authors' integration of personal, social, and cultural influences provided an interactive model to help researchers explain compliance more comprehensively. 相似文献
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Collective efficacy versus self-efficacy in coping responses to stressors and control: a cross-cultural study 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
This study examined how cultural differences and efficacy perceptions influence the role of job control in coping with job demands. Perceiving higher control mitigated the effects of demands on psychological health symptoms and turnover intentions only among American bank tellers reporting high job self-efficacy. Among American tellers reporting low job self-efficacy, perceived control exacerbated the effects of demands. However, in a matched Hong Kong sample, collective efficacy interacted in the same way with control and demands as job self-efficacy had in the American sample. These differences appear to be explained by the individual attributes of idiocentrism and allocentrism that are linked to the societal norms of individualism and collectivism, respectively. 相似文献
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The study examined the relationships among ethnicity, idiocentrism–allocentrism and intergroup attitudes in Singapore. Thirty Malay and 30 Chinese students completed questionnaires which measured in-group and out-group attitudes and attitudes toward ethnic-based community development groups. Intergroup attitudes were analyzed by a 2 × 2 × 2 (Subject Ethnicity × Target Group Ethnicity × Idiocentrism–Allocentrism) analysis of variance. A 2 × 2 interaction revealed that both Malay and Chinese subjects expressed ethnocentric biases; however, planned comparisons indicated that this was due to the responses of allocentrics. A separate 2 × 2 (Subject Ethnicity × Idiocentrism-Allocentrism) ANOVA further revealed that allocentrics had more favorable attitudes toward ethnic-based community development groups than did idiocentrics. 相似文献
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《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2003,76(3):303-321
The moderating influence of idiocentrism and allocentrism on the relationship between organizational commitment and turnover intentions was examined. The investigation evolved over two phases. In Study 1, emic (culture‐specific) items were generated through in‐depth interviews with Turkish employees, and the commitment scales by Meyer, Allen, and Smith (1993) were revised to make them more appropriate for the Turkish context. In Study 2, turnover intentions were predicted as a function of an individual's affective, continuance, normative commitment, and social factors, operationalized as the approval of the family. The results indicated that affective commitment was an important predictor of turnover intentions irrespective of idiocentric or allocentric values. However, normative commitment and social factors were weaker predictors for individuals who endorsed idiocentric, values and social factors were a stronger predictor for allocentrics. These findings underline the importance of a normative perspective on organizational commitment, especially for collectivistic contexts. 相似文献
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Adolescence is a transitional phase in psychosocial development in which individuals learn to navigate their social worlds. The need to socialize, connect with, and empathize with others is especially pronounced in this phase. This study aimed to develop and validate a self-report empathy measure for adolescents, the Multidimensional Empathy Scale for Adolescents (MESA). Based on the theories and research on empathy, we created 24 items to measure six dimensions of empathy (cognitive, affective, positive, negative, majority, and minority). The dimensional structure of the MESA was examined in two independent samples of adolescents. The hypothesized six-factor model of the MESA showed a good fit for both samples. Reliability analyses demonstrated that the MESA had high internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Furthermore, the MESA showed high convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity, as indicated by positive correlations with existing measures of empathy, idiocentrism–allocentrism, and social interest scales. The MESA, as a unique measure of six types of empathy, can be a valuable tool to assist adolescents in developing a balanced sense of empathy. 相似文献
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Youth violence involvement has always been the focus of significant research attention. However, as most of the studies on youth violence have been conducted in Western cultures, little is known about the antecedents of violence in the Asian context. Researchers have suggested that collectivism might be the reason for the lower violent crime rates in Asia. Nevertheless, the present study proposes an alternative approach to the collectivistic orientation and violence relationship: The possibility that allocentrism (collectivist tendency at the individual difference level) might shape the meaning of and the attitudes towards violence; thus not all aspects of a collectivist culture serve as deterrents for violence. Instead of viewing it as a random individual act, violence in a collective cultural context could be seen, under certain circumstances, as a social obligation to one's in-group (especially when one's in-group is supportive of violence) and as an internalization of the norms and values of the culture. Thus, the present study investigates the relationship between allocentrism and its relation to violence in a highly collectivist Asian culture, Singapore. We further hypothesized that collective self-esteem might serve as the mediator between allocentrism and the values of violence. Using a sample of 149 incarcerated Singaporean male adolescents, results support the proposed theoretical model whereby collective self-esteem was found to mediate between allocentrism and the culture's norms and attitudes of violence, which eventually lead to physical violence behaviours. 相似文献
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在众多影响人格形成和发展的因素中,文化是至关重要的一个因素,对文化影响人格的系统研究已有近一个世纪的历程。本文通过国内外这一研究课题的发展背景及研究现状梳理,并以此为基础进而说明人格特点的文化因素影响,对今后的研究进行探讨。 相似文献
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人格、文化与主观幸福感的关系及整合模型述评 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
在对主观幸福感的研究历史、两个独立的相关研究及其近期发展趋势作了回顾后,着重介绍了人格、文化与主观幸福感的整合模型(调节—缓和模型),指出了这一模型的重要价值及其存在的不足。在此基础上,提出了模型进一步完善和发展的方向。 相似文献