THE CONSTANCY OF STRUCTURE OF PERCEIVED PARENTAL REARING STYLE IN GREEK AND SPANISH SUBJECTS AS COMPARED WITH THE DUTCH

To be able to contribute to the cross-cultural study of child-rearing practices and psychopathology, this study sought to examine the cross-national generalizability of parental rearing constructs by analyzing self-report data on the EMBU, an instrument designed to assess memories of one's parents' rearing behavior. Of the four primary factors identified originally with Dutch individuals, namely Rejection, Emotional Warmth, Overprotection and Favoring Subject, the first three were replicated in a similar form in a Greek and a Spanish sample of normal research volunteers. Other properties of the factors, their corresponding scales, and the items constituting the scales were such that it would be warranted to carry out mean scale level or pattern comparisons between subjects from the respective countries on the three constructs evidencing cross-national constancy. Scale-level factor analysis of these constructs produced identical two- factor compositions (CARE and PROTECTION) across the Greek, the Spanish and the Dutch samples which further supported this conclusion.     

A TEST OF THE GROUP VALUES AND CONTROL MODELS OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE FROM THE COMPETING PERSPECTIVES OF LABOR AND MANAGEMENT

A path model was developed to determine the predictive power of the group values (Lind & Tyler, 1988) and the self-interest/control (Thibaut & Walker, 1975) models in the justice judgments of three state impasse resolution procedures for teacher bargaining disputes. Surveys were returned by 90 school superintendents and 74 union presidents from districts that had used the procedures during the last contract negotiations. The group values variables of perceived neutrality of, and trust in, third parties were most predictive of procedural justice judgments. Process control was also predictive of procedural justice judgments, whereas decision control was not. Neither model was predictive of distributive justice judgments. Further, the path analysis clearly indicates the importance in this context of examining procedural and distributive justice from the competing perspectives of labor and management. Labor/management affiliation was strongly related to trust in third parties, perceptions of relative pay, and overall distributive justice judgments.     

NARCISSISM AND CONCERN: THE RELATIONSHIP OF SELF-OBJECT NEEDS AND NARCISSISTIC SYMPTOMS WITH HEALTHY AND PATHOLOGICAL CONCERN

While concern and narcissism seem to be contradictory in nature, clinical evidence and theoretical writings on pathological forms of concern—tracing their origin to deficiencies in early relationships with primary caretakers—suggest that the actual relationship between these two characteristics might be much more complicated. We respond to a study aimed to add empirical data to the clinical and theoretical knowledge examined the relationships between self-object functions, types of narcissism and pathological concern. The findings of the study showed that pathological concern was positively associated with self-object needs and that this association was mediated by covert narcissism. Our discussion focuses on the developmental and psychodynamic sources of pathological concern, as well as its significance in the intrapersonal and interpersonal domains.     

ORIENTATION AND PERCEPTION OF PICTORIAL DEPTH

Des échantillons d'écoliers zambiens et écossais sont soumis à une épreuve d'interprétation de dessin géométrique simple, présenté selon deux orientations: la figure est symétrique soit par rapport à L'axe vertical, soit par rapport à un axe incliné. Les résultats montrent que L'orientation affecte les réponses de L'échantillon écossais: les réponses bi-dimensionnelles sont plus fréquentes avec L'axe de symétrie vertical; mais ce n'est pas le cas pour les enfants zambiens. On ne constate aucun progrès dans la discrimination des deux orientations avec L'âge ou la scolarité dans L'échantillon zambien. L'auteur discute des implications de ces résultats.     

THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND GENDER ON SELF-REPORTED ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between cultural affiliation, gender and assertive behavior in two distinct socio-cultural groups. Ninety-seven Israeli Arab students and 97 Israeli Jewish students, of both sexes, filled out the Assertion Inventory (Gambrill and Richey 1975) during a class meeting. Analysis of the results indicated differences between the two cultural groups. In general, Arab participants showed a lower level of assertiveness than their Jewish counterparts. Differences between gender and interaction of culture x gender were found in certain factors related to behavior in specific social situations. These findings were discussed on the basis of accepted social behavior within various cultural contexts.     

PERCEPTION AND GENERATION OF MIRROR-INVERTED LETTERS

R einvang I. R. Perception and generation of mirror-inverted letters. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 13 , 285–291.—-The ability to write and read mirror-inverted text was studied in two experiments. Exp. I showed no transfer of training from reading to writing, or vice versa, suggesting that separate systems with similar properties determine spatial reversals. In Exp. 2 subjects made more errors when trying to mirror-invert letters classified as left-orienting, rather than right-orienting. An explanation relating this finding to the left-to-right progression of text in English is offered.     

LOCKE AND THE OBJECTS OF PERCEPTION

Abstract: It is common to assume that if Locke is to be regarded as a consistant epistemologist he must be read as holding that either ideas are the objects of perception or that [physical] objects are. He must either be a direct realist or a representationalist. But perhaps, paradoxical as it at first sounds, there is no reason to suppose that he could not hold both to be true. We see physical objects and when we do so we have ideas. We see or hear birds and bells but we also have visual and auditory ideas of birds and bells. This suggestion is explored through examination of what Locke says about perception in his Elements of Natural Philosophy and the accounts offered both by Locke in the Essay Concerning Human Understanding and by some of Locke's successors.     

TRAINING AND COUNSELING OF THE OLDER WORKER1

Mature workers are and will continue to be an important source of labor in the economy. By 1975 approximately one-half of the labor force will be over 45 years of age. Problems of training, re-training, and counseling these workers are examined in this paper in terms of some of their characteristics, such as slower work habits, decreased physical strength, adaptability, and lack of self-confidence. Ways to alleviate or compensate for possible handicaps of older employees through training and counseling programs are suggested.     

汉字形码和音码的整体性对部件识别的影响

本实验从分析汉字整体知觉的具体表现形式入手,通过三个实验探讨字的整体知觉对部件知觉的影响。实验一以分解方式为变量,考查字形整体知觉对部件识别的影响,发现识别不同结构的字的部件之活动受知觉分解路线(如顺读或逆读)的影响。作者认为这种分解方式效应很可能跟部位有关。实验二证实了这一分析,并进而认为部位效应又跟部位与字形整体知觉的紧密程度有关。实验三以语音码为变量,发现成字部件的字音与整体字语音一致者(形声字),其分解知觉成绩比不一致者(非形声字)有明显的优势。这意味着,整体字音知觉的单一性对部件知觉的作用。最后,本研究还考查了部件识别法的有效性,并认为在研究知觉的整体与部分关系问题时,该法不失为一种新的实验范型。     

STUDENT LABOR AND EVOLUTION OF EDUCATION

The evolution of teaching is examined in three stages: apprenticeship, classical schooling, and mass schooling. All three stages use different social technologies to operate. The mass schooling is analyzed from the point of view of economic anthropology developed by Karl Polanyi, as a non-market economic system. Mass schooling uses the forms of motivation found in archaic, tribal economies: students do their homework and attend school out of considerations of reciprocity. Schools must be treated differently with respect to their improvement. School improvement should be based on perfecting existing non-market economic mechanisms, not on plunging schools into market economy.     

LIGHT INTENSITY AND PERCEPTION OF THE VERTICAL

N yborg H. Light intensity and perception of the vertical: Two experiments with the Rod-and-Frame Test. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1972, 13 , 314–326.—Radical changes in light intensity of the visual field did not influence perception of the vertical appreciably as tested by means of a modified Rod-and-Frame Test apparatus in which the illumination of the rod and frame or of the frame alone was changed. Large individual differences in response to the Rod-and-Frame Test were found but little effect of changes in light intensity. A hypothesis that field dependent subjects would be more influenced than field independent by changes in light intensity of the rod and/or the frame was rejected.     

TACTILE STIMULATION AND PERCEPTION OF THE VERTICAL

NYBORG, H. Tactile stimulation and perception of the vertical. I. Effects of diffuse vs. specific tactile stimulation. Scand. J. Psychol. , 1971, 12, 1–13. – It was found that tactile stimulation influenced perception of verticality. Perception of verticality was tested by means of Rod-and-Frame Test, standard procedure. During tilted standing, subjects were exposed to diffuse tactile stimulation (DBR) or specific tactile stimulation (SBR) by means of a specially built apparatus. On the average, subjects scored closer to the physical vertical during SBR than during DBR.     

触摸方式与触觉长度知觉

问 题 触觉长度知觉是触觉的重要空间功能,它在大小知觉中是一个基本因素。触觉长度知觉和面积、体积知觉等一样,经常通过不同方式的触摸动作而实现,主要属于主动触觉。在现实生活中,这些常见的触摸方式有:①以手掌或手指沿着物体表面从一端摸到另一端;②用拇指和食指或中指夹住物体两侧并触摸;③将短小的物体放在手心,合拢手指加以辨别;④用手指作为尺子(指尺)来丈量,等等。这些不同的触摸方式显示出