依恋差异对自传记忆加工的影响

自传记忆是个体对过去生活事件的记忆, 是自我系统形成、发展和变化的基础, 对维持自我同一性和连续性具有重要意义。自传记忆的形成是一个建构过程, 依恋可能通过概念性自我系统和工作自我目标系统两种途径影响自传记忆的加工。依恋与自传记忆加工的已有研究主要集中于个体依恋特征及亲代依恋特征分别与自传记忆客观性特征、现象学特征、叙事特征及重构特征之间的关系。未来研究应聚焦依恋影响自传记忆加工的心理和神经机制, 增加不同社会文化情境、不同发展阶段亲代依恋特征和子代自传记忆加工的相关研究, 并使用启动范式、静息态成像技术、感知相机等变量控制更加严格、更具生态效度的研究方法。     

儿童自传记忆形成与发展的机制研究评述

作为对个人现实生活记忆的自传记忆,其形成和发展的机制十分复杂,但它却是研究儿童认知发展和社会性发展的重要切人点。本文在生命全程视野的背景下,评析了自传记忆形成中童年期遗忘、消退的精神分析理论解释,自传记忆早期形成中的经验证据;文中从三个层面即神经机制层面、认知机制层面和社会作用机制层面,进一步揭示了自传记忆早期形成的特点和内在作用机制。     

5-9岁儿童自传记忆与自我概念的发展及其关系

自传记忆是关于个体生活事件的记忆,与个体的自我组织结构相互影响。为在同一文化背景下进一步探讨自传记忆与自我概念发展的关系,文章采用访谈的方式,对81名5-9岁儿童进行访谈,结果发现：（1）年龄较大儿童的自传记忆更丰富、具体,涉及更多的他人信息。（2）自我概念在一年级到三年级之间发展迅速。（3）儿童自传记忆与自我概念发展无显著的性别差异。（4）自传记忆与自我概念在多方面存在显著相关。     

自传记忆线索提取发展的实验研究

自传记忆是关于个人生活的记忆。发展心理学家以生命历程的视野来研究自传记忆的发生、发展、变化是自传记忆研究的重要组成部分。自传记忆的形成和发展可分为三个阶段 :即童年期遗忘、回忆高峰、自传记忆近因期。本实验采用 2 (提取方式 :顺时、自由回忆 )× 2 (性别 :男、女 )× 8(年龄 :8个年龄组 )混合设计 ,结果发现 :(1 )顺时提取与自由提取两种提取方式对自传记忆的提取存在年龄差异 ,不仅有提取速度的差异 ,也存在提取内容的差异。 (2 ) 8个年龄段两种提取条件下的平均提取速度具有一致的趋同性 ,呈U型曲线 ,存在自传记忆的回忆高峰。 (3)自传记忆的跨生命历程提取不存在性别差异 ,年龄、性别、提取方式间不存在交互作用。 (4) 8个年龄段自传记忆的提取速度、提取内容与个人各年龄的生活主题存在内在关联。 (5)从提取机制支持Conway关于生命历程自传记忆发展的三阶段假设     

自传记忆提取的神经机制及其研究方法

自传记忆（autobiographical memory,AM）是个人生活事件的记忆,它在人类认知中建构起自我、情绪、个人意义及其交互作用的主通道。对自传记忆的研究在广度上极大丰富了记忆的研究内容,并成为记忆研究乃至整个认知心理学新的方法论的增长点。利用PET,fMRI和皮层慢电位等手段对自传记忆进行研究,可以加深对自传记忆神经机制的认识。就Conway等提出的SMS模型中,自传记忆提取的神经解剖分布,自传记忆提取偏侧化问题和海马在自传记忆中的作用进行总结和评述,并分析比较了自传记忆脑机制的研究方法     

自传记忆的加工机制研究进展

自传记忆是关于个人生活经验的记忆,它有悖于Ehbinghaus的记忆研究传统。在国外．90年代以来自传记忆研究已成为继内隐记忆研究后．记忆领域的又一研究热点。自传记忆加工机制的研究是认知心理学对自传记忆研究的核心领域。本文主要评析了自传记忆的知识表征．自传记忆提取机制的研究进展。目前已有的研究结论是：（1）自传记忆是以个人生活片段知识、一般事件知识和具体事件知识三种方式表征的;（2）自传记忆的提取方式主要通过生成提取和直接提取方式来实现。     

旧事为何重提?——忆旧、叙事与自传记忆的功能研究及其整合

自传记忆的功能研究主要来自临床、人格和认知三大领域,它们在研究对象、术语、方法和结果等方面存在诸多差异。临床领域多以老年人为中心,研究的是忆旧的功能,主要从临床经验中进行理论归纳,提出了回忆的许多具体功能,一般通过RFS来测量,其洞见为实验研究提供了丰富的启示。人格领域关注叙事在人格的毕生成长中的作用,尤其是在同一性发展中的核心地位,以叙事连贯性为重要指标,发展了多种测评工具。认知领域侧重于自传记忆基本功能的分类和机制,提出了具有统摄力的功能分类,还提出了各种认知模型,为更深入理解自传记忆功能发挥的机制提供了理论框架。尽管有上述区别,但三个领域在研究和应用领域的整合已是大势所趋。最后从实验范式、生态效度、毕生与跨文化视角、整合思路及测量方法上对未来研究进行了展望。     

依恋安全对自传记忆提取现象学特征的影响

个体在回忆自传记忆时的主观体验特征称为自传记忆的现象学特征,而这种个体精神现象学特征的早期推动是个体依恋特征。研究采用依恋故事阅读启动范式,探讨依恋安全对自传记忆现象学特征提取的影响。研究结果显示,安全依恋启动组自传记忆的可得性、具体性、清晰性、生动性和关系自我构念显著高于不安全依恋启动组,且关系自我构念在依恋安全与自传记忆现象学特征之间起中介作用。研究从新的角度表明,依恋真实地生活在复杂的人际关系中,建构着个体关系自我构念,并真切影响着自传记忆现象学特征,积蓄着个体精神现象学特征的形成。     

自传记忆的出现及早期发展

Ｈｏｗｅ和Ｃｏｕｒａｇｅ通过对有关婴儿遗忘症和自传记忆及相关领域的研究回顾,认为人类在婴儿期就 已具有了对信息编码、储存和提取的能力,婴儿遗忘症的消失和自传记忆的出现并不需要神经系统 的完全成熟或多重记忆系统的假设,也不需要语言的出现,而是认知发展的结果。２岁末儿童“认 知的自我” （ｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｖ ｓｅｌｆ）的出现,为个体组织与“我”相关的信息提供了一个新的组织结构。 随后,自传记忆的发展则是儿童记忆能力增长的结果。     

逆行性遗忘的研究进展

1　前言　　遗忘症是记忆障碍的一种形式 ,其主要表现有顺行性遗忘和逆行性遗忘 ,但病人的短时记忆和智力均正常。顺行性遗忘是指脑受损后被试学习记忆新知识能力的下降 ,而逆行性遗忘是指被试对脑损伤发生之前的事件的记忆障碍 ,又称为远期记忆障碍[1- 2 ] 。相对于顺行性遗忘来说 ,心理学家和神经科学家对于逆行性遗忘的研究较少 ,但它对遗忘症的理论发展、对理解正常的记忆功能及信息在脑内的组织等认知神经科学的基本问题都具有重要的意义。研究逆行性遗忘最常用的测验大致分为两种 :其一是有关公众事件的测验 ,如著名人物 \事件测验。…     

自我、文化与记忆：自传体记忆的跨文化研究

自传体记忆不仅是对过去自我经验的加工和提取,还反映了特定的社会和文化背景。近年来,自传体记忆跨文化研究表明,东西方被试在最早记忆年龄、记忆容量和具体性、内部语言的使用、记忆取向等方面存在差异。文章从自我概念、亲子回忆和叙事方式、社会变迁和文化多元化等角度,探讨了文化自我观对于自传体记忆的核心意义。Nelson和Fivush的社会文化发展观则从发展的角度动态考察了内外因素对自传体记忆产生文化和个体差异的机制。文章还回顾了自传体记忆跨文化研究的主要方法。最后,文章探讨了自传体记忆跨文化及相关领域的研究前景和存在的问题     

Self and social functions: individual autobiographical memory and collective narrative

The personal functions of autobiographical memory build on the basic biological functions of memory common to most mammals that, however, do not have the kind of episodic memories that compose human autobiographical memory according to present theory. The thesis here is that personal autobiographical memory is functionally and structurally related to the use of cultural myths and social narratives, and that the relative emphasis put on the self in different cultural and social contexts influences the form and function of autobiographical memory and the need for developing a uniquely personal life narrative in those contexts. Historical and cross-cultural trends revealed in psychological and literary research are invoked to support this thesis.     

亲子自传叙事中母亲语言支架的研究综述

亲子自传叙事中母亲的语言支架指母亲在对过去事件进行回忆和交流的过程中给儿童提供的引导性语言。母亲语言支架的风格分为高详尽和低详尽两个水平,高详尽的语言风格更能促进儿童语言、认知和社会情感的发展。在特定情绪性事件中,母亲的语言支架对儿童社会性的发展也有十分重要的影响。此外,亲子自传叙事中母亲的语言支架还存在性别和社会文化差异,且在特殊儿童身上表现出不同的特点。未来应加强对母亲语言支架的影响因素以及母亲回忆目标对语言支架的影响等问题的探讨。     

Functions of Memory Sharing and Mother-Child Reminiscing Behaviors: Individual and Cultural Variations

This study examined maternal beliefs about the functions of memory sharing and the relations between these beliefs and mother-child reminiscing behaviors in a cross-cultural context. Sixty-three European American and 47 Chinese mothers completed an open-ended questionnaire concerning their beliefs about the functions of parent-child memory sharing. They also engaged in a joint-reminiscing task with their child. European American mothers were more likely than Chinese mothers to report social (conversational and relationship maintenance) and teaching/problem solving functions. In addition, conversational functions were associated with increased maternal elaborativeness and evaluations during reminiscing, independent of culture. Results are discussed in light of the functional and cultural contexts of early autobiographical memory development.     

Eliciting Empathy for Adults in Chronic Pain through Autobiographical Memory Sharing

Two studies (N = 80; N = 91) investigated whether sharing an autobiographical memory increases empathy for a person experiencing chronic pain. Across studies, empathy was assessed after reading a pain‐related narrative of either a 25‐ or 85‐year‐old target and again after assignment to one of two recall conditions. Conditions involved recalling a pain‐related autobiographical memory (Studies 1 and 2), or as comparisons, recalling the target's pain narrative (Study 1) or recalling a character in pain from a movie (Study 2). Looking across both studies, empathy levels appear to increase after sharing an autobiographical memory but not in the comparison conditions. Increases in empathy were related to trait‐level agreeableness. When target‐age differences emerged (Study 2), participants felt greater empathy for the older person. Findings are discussed in terms of the function of autobiographical memory in eliciting pro‐social emotions such as empathy and implications for training empathic responding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Late adolescent identity development: narrative meaning making and memory telling

Personally important autobiographical memories are the smallest unit of the life story, which begins to emerge in adolescence. This study examined 2 features of self-defining memories in late adolescence, the meaning made of the memories to garner an understanding of the narrative construction of identity as a life story and how those memories were told with an emphasis on the functions for telling and audiences to understand the social component of narrative identity development. For late adolescents (N = 185), meaning was infrequently reported for the entertainment function in comparison with the self-explanation function. At later ages, adolescents' audiences were more likely to be peers, and at earlier ages, adolescents' audiences were more likely to be parents. Discussion focuses on the individual and social levels of identity construction that are apparent in personally important autobiographical memory narratives.     

Emotional reminiscing and the development of an autobiographical self

According to autobiographical memory theorists, past event conversations provide children with a framework for evaluating and connecting past events into a coherent autobiography (R. Fivush, 1994; K. Nelson, 1993; M. K. Welch-Ross, 1995). Two studies were conducted to empirically examine the association between past event conversation style and an independent measure of children's self-concept consistency. In Study 1, 50 New Zealand mothers discussed everyday past events with their children at 51 and 65 months of age. In Study 2, 51 New Zealand parents discussed 1 positive and 3 negative past events with their 5- and 6-year-old children. The consistency of children's self-views was assessed in both studies using the Children's Self-View Questionnaire (R. Eder, 1990). Children's self-concept consistency was moderately associated with greater explanation of the causes and consequences of children's negative emotions, resolution through social contact, and evaluation of positive events but not with simple attributions of emotion. These findings implicate parent-child conversations as a medium through which children can begin to understand the personal meaning of past experiences.     

Discrete changes in the frequency and functions of autobiographical reminiscence in Huntington's disease

ABSTRACT

Autobiographical memory is widely posited to serve self, social and directive functions. Recent evidence suggests marked autobiographical memory impairments in Huntington's disease (HD), however, no study to date has determined how the perceived functions of autobiographical reminiscence may be altered in HD. The current study aimed to assess the self-reported frequency and function of autobiographical reminiscence in HD. We assessed autobiographical reminiscence in late premanifest (n?=?16) and early stage HD (n?=?14), relative to healthy controls (n?=?30). Participants completed the Thinking About Life Experiences Scale Revised (TALE-R), which measures three putative functions of autobiographical memory (self, social, directive). People with manifest HD reported talking less frequently about the past compared to controls. In contrast, no group differences were found in terms of thinking about the past. Manifest HD participants further reported using their autobiographical memories for social functions less frequently compared to controls. No other group differences were evident in terms of self or directive functions of autobiographical memory. These self-report findings complement recent reports of autobiographical memory disruption on performance-based tasks in HD. Future studies exploring how changes in autobiographical reminiscence impact a sense of self continuity in HD will be important in this regard.