议户外体育活动的有效开展

户外体育活动是促进幼儿身心和谐发展的重要途径之一,开展丰富多彩的体育活动和户外游戏,对于锻炼幼儿身体协调性、增强幼儿的身体素质、培养幼儿坚强、勇敢、乐观、不怕困难的意志品质等起着重要的作用,在幼儿园一日活动中占有重要地位.因此,应如何开展丰富多彩的、幼儿愿意主动参与的户外体育活动,就显得尤为重要.     

游戏对幼儿自我控制能力影响的现场实验研究

自我控制是个人对自身的心理与行为的主动掌握,是个体自觉地选择目标,在没有外部限制的情况下。克服困难,排除干扰,采取某种方式控制自己的行为,从而保证目标的实现。研究表明幼儿期是自我控制能力发展的关键时期,抓住这一时机培养幼儿自我控制能力,促进幼儿个性、社会性的发展显得极为重要。本研究从幼儿最感兴趣的活动——游戏人手。研究不同类型的游戏对幼儿自我控制能力的影响。寻找促进幼儿自控发展的有效途径,以促进幼儿社会性的发展。     

幼儿的游戏行为及其与社会技能、学习行为的典型相关分析

对4～6岁儿童的游戏行为、社会技能和学习行为进行问卷调查.结果发现,幼儿的游戏行为发展存在显著的年龄和性别差异.典型相关分析结果表明,游戏行为对幼儿社会技能的影响作用大于社会技能对游戏行为的影响作用,同时,游戏中的亲社会行为对幼儿的学习能力、学习动机有显著的促进作用,而破坏、退缩行为对学习能力和学习动机的形成有阻碍作用.     

幼儿自尊发展的相对年龄效应:追踪研究

本研究对107名幼儿从中班下学期开始追踪三次,历时一年半,考察了同一班级内平均年龄相差0.5岁的两组幼儿的自尊发展变化,比较其在相同生理年龄时的自尊差异。结果发现:(1)幼儿自尊发展存在稳定的相对年龄差异,年幼组幼儿自尊稳定低于年长组;(2)相对年龄对幼儿自尊的影响并不能随生理年龄的增长而减少,即使在相同生理年龄,年幼组幼儿的自尊依然低于年长组在该年龄时的自尊;(3)幼儿自尊发展性别差异显著,女生自尊稳定高于男生。     

幼儿园户外活动的有效开展

《指南》明确强调：“要珍视游戏和生活的独特价值,创设丰富的教育环境,合理安排幼儿一日生活……”游戏是促进幼儿学习与发展的重要途径,开展户外游戏活动,不仅能增强幼儿的体质,更大的价值在于通过体育锻炼,发展幼儿各方面的能力,促进其身心和谐发展,为幼儿健康成长、幸福生活打下良好的基础。     

有趣的幼儿园课间游戏

正游戏对发展幼儿想象力,增强体智,促进幼儿全面发展有着重要的作用。《纲要》指出:"幼儿的一日生活大致可分为专门的学习活动、游戏活动及生活活动。这些活动是有机联系、互相补充的。在生活中学习,在游戏中学习,学习联系生活、利用生活,一日生活才是一个真正的教育整体。"课间游戏是幼儿园自主游戏之一,深受幼儿喜欢。然而很多老师会因为各种原因将课间活动压缩到只能喝水、入厕、趴在桌上休息、重复做集体游戏,     

同伴交往、亲子交往与儿童心理理论发展的关系

采用经典的心理理论任务、同伴提名法、父母教养方式问卷以及在游戏情境中观察同伴交往行为和亲子交往行为等多种方法,探讨同伴交往、亲子交往与儿童心理理论发展的关系.88名3-6岁儿童及其家长参加了实验.研究结果表明:(1)交往类型中受欢迎儿童,其心理理论发展水平显著高于被拒绝和被忽视儿童.(2)民主型教养方式最有利于促进幼儿心理理论的发展,放任型教养方式最不利于幼儿心理理论的发展.(3)家长指导游戏的行为、分享情感的行为和使用心理状态术语的行为,有利于促进孩子心理理论的发展,而对孩子的冷漠最不利于孩子心理理论的发展.(4)相对于同伴交往,亲子交往对儿童心理理论的发展有更显著的预测力,其中家长和孩子的情感分享.对孩子遇到问题的解释及指导是促进孩子心理理论发展的重要影响因素.     

幼儿的社会戏剧性游戏与亲社会行为的发展

通过在一个幼儿园中班开展为期一年的社会戏剧性游戏的实验研究,发现不论用间接故事法,还是用情境观察法测定,实验班幼儿的分享、谦让、合作和互助等亲社会行为的发展都优于控制班,表明社会戏剧性游戏能够促进幼儿亲社会行为的发展.     

游戏训练提高幼儿自我控制能力:来自ERP的证据

游戏是激发幼儿兴趣的有效载体,已有研究表明游戏可以提高幼儿自我控制的外显行为表现,但未考察是否能够引起幼儿自我控制相关的电生理变化。本研究将幼儿按班级随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组的幼儿接受一学期的游戏训练,对照组不参加训练,进行自由活动,训练前后所有幼儿完成Go/No Go任务的ERP测试,评定自我控制能力。结果发现:实验组后测中No Go任务的N2和P3成分(分别表示为No Go-N2和No Go-P3)平均波幅均显著小于前测,而对照组前后测波幅无变化;同时,后测实验组中No Go-N2平均波幅显著小于对照组。结果表明,游戏训练可促进幼儿自我控制相关大脑系统的发展,为自我控制游戏训练的效果提供了电生理证据。。     

4—6岁蒙汉族城市幼儿交往心理的比较研究

本研究用问卷调查法对219名4～6岁蒙汉族城市幼儿进行了交往心理的对比研究,结果发现:70％以上的蒙汉族幼儿都有喜欢交往的倾向;交往中同伴交往占首位;交往以游戏和学习为主要内容,以面对面的直接交往为主要形式,在同伴交往的类型、交往的支配性、交往中能力表现及交往频率等方面,两个民族的幼儿存在着不同程度的差异。     

母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系：父亲教养投入的中介作用

以597个核心家庭的父亲、母亲和青少年为研究对象,通过问卷调查探讨了母亲守门行为与父子依恋的关系以及父亲教养投入在其中的中介作用。结果表明：（1）母亲开门行为正向预测父子依恋,母亲关门行为负向预测父子依恋;（2）母亲开门行为通过正向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋,而母亲关门行为通过负向预测父亲教养投入的部分中介作用间接预测父子依恋。研究结果扩展了母亲守门行为的作用效果研究,对家庭教育实践具有一定的指导意义。     

Self-esteem of female athletes and nonathletes relative to sex role type and sport type

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship of the self-esteem of female athletes and nonathletes to sex role type and sport type. The athletic group was comprised of 75 female collegiate athletes from eight sports and the nonathletic group consisted of a random sample of 75 female nonathletes. An assessment of self-esteem and sex role type was completed through administering to all subjects the short form of the (PRF) ANDRO Scale of Masculinity and Femininity, and the Interpersonal Disposition Inventory (IDI). On the basis of the results of the IDI, the subjects were categorized into four sex role types: androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. Based upon previous research, it was predicted that (1) athletes would exhibit higher self-esteem scores than nonathletes, (2) the self-esteem of androgynous individuals would be higher than other sex role types, (3) the self-esteem of feminine or undifferentiated individuals would be lower than other sex role types, (4) the self-esteem of female athletes in higher femininity status sports would be greater than those in lower femininity status sports, and (5) there would be a greater proportion of androgynous athletes and feminine nonathletes. The following significant results were found: nonathletes in the feminine sex role type were lower in self-esteem than all other groups; and there was a greater proportion of androgynous athletes and feminine nonathletes than expected by chance. There were no differences in self-esteem of athletes in higher femininity status vs lower femininity status sports. These findings were discussed relative to past research, and the potential impact of sport on the psychosocial development or selection of certain sex role types.     

Applications of the Speed–Accuracy Trade-off and Impulse-Variability Theory for Teaching Ballistic Motor Skills

Bridging the gap between innovative research and teaching is a fundamental necessity for physical education practitioners to promote motor skill development and competency. This requires practitioners to understand, synthesize, and appropriately apply relevant research from different academic domains in their instructional environments. Ballistic motor skills such as kicking, throwing, and striking are fundamentally integrated into many games and sports and provide a foundation for physical activity and fitness for children and adults. Unfortunately, many individuals do not attain a high level of competence in these types of skills by adolescence. The purpose of this review is to integrate theory, pedagogical best practices, and current evidence on studies relating to Fitts’ Law’s application of the speed–accuracy trade-off and impulse-variability theory to provide an evidence-based framework for promoting effective instructional environments for learning ballistic motor skills.     

The link between children's sport participation and self-esteem: Exploring the mediating role of sport self-concept

Background and PurposeSport participation is positively associated with indices of adjustment, such as self-esteem, among adolescent participants. Less is known about the processes through which younger children benefit from their sport participation. The purpose of this investigation was to test whether children's sport self-concept mediated the longitudinal associations between time spent in individual- and team-oriented organized sport activities and later self-esteem.MethodsWe used four waves of data from the Childhood and Beyond Study collected from three cohorts of elementary school-aged children (N = 987), their parents, and their teachers.ResultsFindings indicated that children who spent more time in team sports, but not time in individual sports, reported higher sport self-concept, which, in turn, was associated with higher self-esteem than their peers. Multi-group analyses suggested that these relations did not vary across gender, sport ability, sport importance beliefs, or peer acceptance.ConclusionsStudy results suggested that the relations between time spent in sports and children's sport self-concept depends, in part, on whether the time was spent in team or individual sports. This investigation highlighted the value of examining mediating processes so as to better explicate the association between time in sports and self-esteem.     

SEX SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN TYPES OF PLAY IN GAMES AND SPORTS

In two studies, 374 participants gave retrospective reports of their favorite games, toys, and hobbies (games) and of their favorite exercise and sports (sports) in elementary school, high school, and college. We tested Gilligan's (1982) expectation that more of males' play would be group activities played in public places, whereas more of females' games and sports would be home-based play in "intimate" dyads. Results showed that sex similarities and differences varied as a function of kind of play. For both sexes, games tended to be home-based and individual or dyadic play, however sports tended to be group, public-based play. Whereas team sports play was most frequent in childhood for both sexes and decreased in frequency from childhood into adulthood, the decrease in team, as compared to individual and dyadic, sports was significantly more dramatic for girls than for boys. The data indicated that whereas girls participate in a variety of types of play, boys' sports play is dominated by team activity across development. Thus, sex differences in the types of sports play provided the strongest support for Gilligan's hypothesis that socialization in team play may foster a reliance upon rights-based moral reasoning in boys.     

Preschoolers' extension of familiar adjectives

In two experiments, we examined the role of labels in guiding preschoolers' extension of three types of familiar adjectives: emotional state adjectives, physiological state adjectives, and trait adjectives. On each trial, we labeled a target animal with one of the three different types of adjectives and asked whether these terms could apply to a subordinate-level match, a basic-level match, a superordinate-level match, or an inanimate object. In Experiment 1, participants extended trait adjectives, but not emotional or physiological adjectives, to members of the same basic-level category, regardless of whether an explicit basic-level label was provided for the target animal. Similarly, children in Experiment 2 also extended trait adjectives to the members of the same basic-level category, even when explicit superordinate- and subordinate-level labels were provided for the target animals. Together, these results demonstrate that children appreciate that emotional and physiological adjectives cannot be generalized to the same extent as can trait adjectives, and the results document the privileged status of basic-level categories in preschoolers' extension of trait adjectives.     

Preference for Violent Electronic Games and Aggressive Behavior among Children: The Beginning of the Downward Spiral?

A one-year longitudinal study with 324 German third and fourth graders was conducted in order to find out whether a preference for violent electronic games socializes children to become more aggressive or whether aggressive individuals tend to select this type of game. Cross-lagged panel analyses suggest that children who were rated as openly aggressive at Time 1 intensified their preference for violent electronic games over time. We determined that it could be ruled out that this selection effect was due to a number of underlying variables ranging from ecological variables (neighborhood) to family variables (migration status, older brother) and child variables (gender, self-esteem, level of achievement). Discussion focuses on the emerging preference for violent electronic games among children.     

学前儿童用“人为不介入原理”区分生物、非生物能力的发展

本研究采用访谈法,考查4～6岁儿童对生物的“人为不介入原理”的理解。研究结果表明：1．学前儿童没有表现出明显的“泛灵论”倾向。2．学前儿童对“人为不介入原理”的理解随年龄增长而呈现提高趋势,多数6岁儿童已经能够利用这一原理区分生物和非生物。3．学前儿童对不同领域刺激物的认知表现出不平衡性,对动物的认知优先发展,植物次之,对人造物认知的发展落后于对生物认知的发展。4．学前儿童表现出初步的分类概念。     

Sense of Control Among Women Religious

ABSTRACT

Sense of control was examined in a congregation of Catholic sisters ranging in age from 33 to 90. The sample size was 377. Age, educational level, career orientation, retirement status, health, self-esteem, coping ability, and support systems best explained sense of control. The older Catholic sisters in the congregation who no longer worked and who had some health limitations had lower self-esteem and, as a result, lesser sense of control than sisters who still worked and had fewer health limitations. Suggestions are made regarding enhancement of feelings of control.     

Self-esteem is a shared relationship resource: Additive effects of dating partners’ self-esteem levels predict relationship quality

Though self-esteem is known to positively impact individuals’ romantic relationship outcomes and those of their partners, the interactive nature of both partners’ self-esteem levels has not been systematically investigated. Using actor-partner interdependence model analyses we estimated actor, partner, and four types of dyadic effects of self-esteem on relationship quality in a sample of over 500 heterosexual dating couples. Lower self-esteem individuals and their partners reported lower satisfaction and commitment to their relationships than did higher self-esteem individuals and their partners. An additive effect whereby both partners’ self-esteem levels combine to predict relationship quality best described the dyadic effects. Results highlight the importance of considering the interactive nature of individual characteristics in dyadic research.